Whales don’t get cancer: How bowhead whale DNA could change human health

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Imagine a creature that lives for more
than 200 years and weighs as much as a

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small airplane, yet it rarely gets cancer.

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That creature is the bowhead whale.

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A lot of its population lives
in the Arctic, just in Canada.

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And today I'm gonna walk you through
recent genetic research that shows

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how it's this marine giant maintains
its genome across centuries.

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Remember this animal can last or be
as much as 200 years old and what

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that might mean for cancer research,
aging and ocean connected health.

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And what if we could borrow one of its
cellular tricks to protect human cells?

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We're gonna talk about that
on today's episode of the How

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to Protect the Ocean Podcast.

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Let's start the show.

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Hey everybody.

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Welcome back to another exciting episode
of the How to Protect the Ocean Podcast.

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I'm your host, Andrew Lewin, marine
biologist and science communicator,

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and this is the podcast where you
find out what's happening with the

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ocean, how you can speak up for the
ocean, and what you can do to live

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for a better ocean by taking action.

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And if you don't know, this podcast
is part of the Speak up for Blue.

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Podcast Network.

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We podcast with a purpose and that
purpose is ocean conservation.

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Everything you listen to on this podcast
network, the How to Protect the Ocean

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Podcast, the Beyond Jaws podcast is all
about increasing your ocean awareness,

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your ocean knowledge, and helping
habitats, and that's what we're doing

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in a new project where I launched

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a campaign to raise funds to
launch a Seagrass podcast.

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You're like, Andrew, why?

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Why in the heck would you want
to launch a Seagrass podcast?

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Nobody knows anything about Seagrass.

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Exactly.

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We're gonna learn about Seagrass Meadows.

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It's research, conservation,
and restoration projects that

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are going on around the world.

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And when you listen to it and if you
contribute to funding this launch,

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then you get to be a part of restoring
seagrass Meadows somewhere in the world.

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And we'll be documenting it
throughout this podcast journey on the

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Seagrass Effect, a seagrass podcast.

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If you want to help fund this launch,
you can go to speak up for blue.com/.

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Seagrass, that's speak
up for blue.com/seagrass.

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And let's get back into the show.

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But it's a really great project,
something that I'm very, very dear to me.

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So if you wanna support me in any
kind of way, you can do it that way.

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We'll have other ways you can
support as well in the future, but

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this is the way to support now.

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and I wanna thank you for doing that.

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Let's get back into
this exciting research.

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cancer is one hell of a disease.

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Nobody wants to see that happen.

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I watched my dad go through it.

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I watched him unfortunately
pass away from it.

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It is the most heartbreaking
thing you can do because the

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treatment for cancer, is horrible.

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You get chemotherapy, radiotherapy,
it breaks down your cells, it

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breaks down muscles in your body.

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You get weak.

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You feel like crap.

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It is not fun.

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So imagine, imagine if there's a way
that we can treat cancer in a better

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way that will help not only get rid
of cancer, but also repair the body

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cells that are overcome by tumors.

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That is the possibility of this research
coming out of nature in 2025, where

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they talked about bowhead whales, one of
the oldest living beings and one of the

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heaviest living animals on the planet.

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It lives for up to 200 years
or greater than 200 years.

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It can weigh 80,000 kilos.

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That's 80,000 kilos.

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That's insane.

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And so, you know, we're fascinated by the
size, the great size, and the long life.

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So logically you would think.

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Longer life, bigger size.

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A lot of cells, you would get
more cancer, there'd be a higher

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cancer risk, but yet they don't.

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There's a thing called Petos Paradox.

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I think I'm pronouncing
it properly, PETO paradox.

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And in that it says, look, if you have
a higher body size, you live longer,

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your cells are gonna mutate, your cells
are gonna change and they're gonna break

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and they're not gonna be able to repair.

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And so tumors are gonna be
able to get on that, and you're

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gonna have a higher cancer risk.

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That's not the best.

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So how do they go almost cancer
free for their entire lives?

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And this is what's kind of cool about it.

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The evidence for improved DNA
repair in long-lived bowhead

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whales is the actual title of the
study that came out in nature.

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Okay, so let's break it down.

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Here's what happens.

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Essentially you have a DNA strand, a
number of like millions and billions

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and billions of DNA strands in your
body that gives you the characteristics

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of your body that you have.

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So it gives you eye color, hair color,
what your body's gonna look like, how

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your muscles are built, how your body's
gonna feel, the diseases that you

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might get, so on and so on and so on.

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And as you get older, those
cells start to break, right?

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They start to mutate.

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And those mutations in the human body
could cause cancer in the future.

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So as you get older and your body and
your cells start to break in your DNA,

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which is a double helix, starts to
break other cells like tumor cells come

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in and start to repair that or start
to bind to that, and you get these

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tumorous cells, which can cause cancer.

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But a bowhead whale that lives
200 years old and is very,

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very large, 80,000 kilograms.

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Well now you're talking about a
body that should have a lot of

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cancer in it, but it doesn't.

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And the reason why it doesn't is because
when the cell breaks at some point,

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and the DNA, the helix molecule breaks.

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It has proteins that promotes the repair,
the accurate repair of this double helix.

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So if it was just a single
helix, it would probably repair

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a lot faster, even in humans.

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But because it's double helix
and it twists, it has to come

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together pretty accurately and
that's what makes the repair.

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So having this excess of this protein
and sort of low mutation rates

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within the fibroblasts of the cell.

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These things will induce a lifetime
where you don't have cancer.

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And the fact that they can repair
is making it a lot better 'cause the

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tumor cells can't, you know, bind into
these damaged cells over that time.

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So this is something that is pretty
cool when you see in marine mammals

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and the fact that we are mammals and
we could maybe have something similar.

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What are the implications
for cancer research?

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So for humans, cancer prevention is partly
about preventing or repairing the DNA

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damage and the bowhead data suggests
boosting repair fidelity, like that

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actually boosting that repair might be a
complimentary path to tumor suppression.

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Instead of just trying to kill all the
cells that are the tumor cells, you want

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to be able to promote the regeneration
and the accurate repair, and actually as

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you promote the repair, you suppress all
the tumor cells, which is kind of cool.

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So the application, which is kind
of cool, is that research into this

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protein, you can have gene therapy
and small molecule activators.

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There are biomarker developments
for genomic stability, so making

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sure that you get more stable
genomes and has insights into aging.

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So less mutation accumulation
could make it a healthier lifespan.

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So maybe even lengthening our
lives just a little bit longer,

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which could be good, could be bad.

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I don't know what that's
gonna look like in the future.

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but the fact that if we get cancer,
avoid the long-term effects of cancer

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and the treatments that we have to face
like chemotherapy and radiation, which

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is what is effective now to kill the
cancer cells by being able to promote

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the repair of those damaged cells.

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And suppress those tumors can be
really great for cancer research

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and cancer patients in the future.

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Now the fact that we got to learn
about these bowhead whales shows that

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we need to promote more research,
not just studying bowhead whales, but

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studying the environment in general.

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We know how many things that we've
benefited off of nature, but we don't know

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the things that we don't know already.

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And if we stop doing research, if we
stop funding research that looks at

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the genomes of bowhead whales or why
certain whales get less cancer or certain

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sharks get less cancer than others
we'll be a lot slower at preventing

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diseases like cancer in the future.

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There are times like at one point I
hope that cancer will be one of those

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things like, yeah, remember people
used to die of cancer like quite a bit.

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Hopefully in the future it'll just
be like, yeah, now we just have

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this gene therapy that we can cure
this cancer and people can live

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longer, which would be great to see
less suffering from people who have

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unfortunately had passed away, including
my dad, have passed away of cancer.

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Like I said before, it's not something
that you wanna see anybody go through.

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It's a horrible, horrible disease.

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And the treatment, It is terrible
to watch somebody go through that.

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And so by funding cancer research or
funding environmental research and

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looking at the genomes of certain
animals, we could look at the secrets

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of how specific animals avoid cancer,
like large marine mammals that are

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long lived, how they can avoid having
cancer and live for such a long time.

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And healthy, you know, I think that's
something that would be really great.

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But we have to fund this research.

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We have to understand that keeping
species around, not just for the

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stability of habitats and the stability
of what we love and know about the ocean

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in terms stability of fisheries, if
they're managed right, stability of

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the coastal system and security of a
coastal system, so no eroding and less

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floods, all that kind of stuff, really

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helps us, you know, live longer lives
and healthier lives and not have to

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worry about dying from floods or being
affected by floods, or even just loss of

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economic viability in terms of fisheries,
in terms of tourism and so forth.

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When you see a habitat just go by
the wayside, because we're losing

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that diversity, we're losing that
stability within each habitat.

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So funding research that protects
biodiversity, not only helps in securing

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our coastlines and also offering a lot
of economic benefits, but also having

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health benefits by discovering more about
these species as we learn more and more.

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Funding science is important.

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Funding conservation is important,
and understanding these animals

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is really important to our
own health as we can see here.

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Hopefully in the future, this is something
that we can benefit from and see less

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cancer patients in the future or even have
better therapy for those cancer patients

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and get better as soon as possible.

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Bowhead whales teach us about
DNA repair and longevity.

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That's cool.

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It's a potential for human cancer
research, which is even better.

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But so much work needs to happen
and that funding needs to happen.

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So when we see governments stop funding
on environmental research or stop

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funding conservation or stop funding just
regular management of oceans or lands.

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That's not good.

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That can affect our health in the future,
our longevity as a human species of

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course, but also individually our health.

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just coming from like
a health perspective.

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I think that's something
that's really interesting.

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Now, what can you do about this?

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What is the call to action?

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One, you can support research like this
by liking and subscribing to this video

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to support the spread of this research.

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Let's increase our knowledge about
what we know about the ocean, about its

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animals and how it can help us as well.

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Of course, we're not just doing it to
help us, but it's a benefit that the more

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we know about these animals, the more we
can apply it to us as a human species.

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But the other thing is too, is support

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research, support graduate students,
support doctors and support facilities

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that does this type of research, and be
able to find cures for things like cancer,

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for the vaccinations, for things like,
we've done in the past and polio and

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measles and things like that to decrease

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the diseases that affect our health.

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That's what's really important when it
comes into learning about the ocean.

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I think that's something that's
really, really cool and something

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that we need to look at.

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Now, something that we need to also
look at is that this is not something

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that is going to be a cure for
cancer anytime soon, like tomorrow.

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We need to be cautious
about certain things.

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So most of this work that's done
is done in fibroblasts, which

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is connective tissue cells.

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Cancer in humans often arises in
epithelial cells, so like skin cells.

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We don't know yet what whale
epithelial cells behave.

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We don't know how they behave.

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and if it's identical to the way
humans epithelial cells or if the

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cells repair just like the ones in the
fibroblasts and the connective tissue.

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And then translating that whale
repair machinery to humans will face

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many, many challenges, right?

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Different physiology, different
lifespans, evolutionary distance.

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There's a lot of things that are different
between our bodies and marine mammal

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bodies, obviously, and so that it might be
a little different in the way it applies.

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And over repair is not always benign,
so there may be trade-offs, for example.

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Too much repair could affect
like cell cycle regulation,

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tissue turnover, et cetera.

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There's a lot of things that can go wrong.

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Researchers caution about optimizing DNA
repair without unintended consequences.

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So like we can't just go and say,
Hey, this is how we repair DNA.

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This is gonna be perfect for curing
cancer, but it might lead to other things

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that we have to worry about in the future.

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And then of course,
longevity is multifactorial.

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It's not always just with the
repair of DNA, you repair one

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piece, but environment, metabolism,
reproduction predation, and other

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life history traits also matters.

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So it all depends.

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Like whales are huge.

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They may not come up against apex
predators, like orcas all the time, right?

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There's always changes that can happen.

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So that's something that we have to be
careful of when we're looking at this.

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So it's just some things
to be cautious about.

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Obviously I'm gonna be cautiously
optimistic about this research.

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It's very dear to me.

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I'd love to see people not
have to suffer from cancer.

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Obviously.

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I'm sure you do the same thing ' cause it
affects everybody all over the world and

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it's something that we want to stamp out.

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So, that's all I have to say.

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That's all I got for today's episode.

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I'd love to hear your thoughts on this.

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Let me know in the comments below
if you're watching this on YouTube.

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00:12:35,146 --> 00:12:38,116
If you are listening to this on your
favorite podcast app, just hit me

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00:12:38,116 --> 00:12:42,346
up on how to protect the ocean on
Instagram at how to protect the ocean.

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And of course, if you want to contact
me through my email, you can go

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to speak up for blue.com/contact
and you can get ahold of me there.

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I wanna thank you so much for
joining me on today's episode of the

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How to Protect the Ocean Podcast.

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I'm your host, Andrew Lewin.

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From the true Nordstrom and free.

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Have a great day.

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We'll talk to you next
time in Happy Conservation.