Great White Shark Populations Have Interesting DNA

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Today I'm gonna be talking
about great white shark DNA, and

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you're probably wondering why.

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What does it matter?

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Because it's an enigma, it's a mystery.

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It's generally just weird.

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And we're gonna talk about why
it's important to talk about how

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weird great white shark, DNA is
and why we need to understand how

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it happened and what's happening.

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That's what we're gonna talk
about on this episode of the How

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to Protect the Ocean Podcast.

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Let's start the show.

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Hey everybody.

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Welcome back to another exciting episode
of the How to Protect the Ocean Podcast.

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I'm your host, Andrew Lewin, and
this is the podcast where you find

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out what's happening with the ocean,
how you can speak up for the ocean,

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and what you can do to live for
a better ocean by taking action.

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On today's episode, we're gonna
be talking about an article

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that came out in Science Alert.

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It was a really interesting article.

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It came out earlier in August,
but it was something that I

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found that needed to be shared.

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Carly Cassella, I believe
is how you pronounce it.

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This is part of the nature
category for Science.

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Alert wrote this and she titled
it, The DNA of Great White Sharks

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Defies Explanation and Here is Why.

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So let's talk about great white sharks.

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Like great white sharks, since the movie
Jaws, and by the way, it's Jaw's 50th

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anniversary this year, back in June,
have really captured the minds and the

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fears of humans all around the world.

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It captured it so much that after
people watching Jaws, including myself,

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I was a kid when I watched Jaws.

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I was probably nine or 10
when I first watched it.

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I had trouble swimming in pools.

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I had trouble swimming in lakes.

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I always thought like, there's
a great white in my bathtub

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potentially.

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The imagination of sharks and what
they could do and where they could

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go after watching Jaws was amazing.

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They became feared quite a bit.

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It also spurred a lot of funding to
find out more about great white sharks,

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and we have learned a lot because the
funding has been there, researchers

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have been there, and if you listen
to Beyond Jaws in any point in time,

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you know that there is literally a
generation of scientists that we coined

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the jaws generation because that's how
they cut their teeth so to speak, no pun

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intended, within the shark science world.

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And they learned a lot more,
not only about great whites,

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but a lot of other sharks.

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but it is different.

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Like great white sharks are built
different and they're a great

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conservation success story, not
only on the west coast, but also

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on the east coast of North America.

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And we're seeing more and more and we're
seeing them, just, I guess, lengthen or

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increase their distribution every day.

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Now we're starting to see more and
more great white sharks in Nova Scotia,

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which was a rare sighting, just a
few, like five or six years ago.

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I don't know if it's just 'cause we're
searching more, that we have more

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researchers out there looking at it.

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But it didn't happen often.

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Now it's happening this summer
seems to be the summer of the great

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white shark over in Nova Scotia,
and we've learned a lot about this,

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especially with tracking sharks.

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We've learned about where they go.

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We've learned about the
different populations, and that's

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where this article comes in,

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It used to be before the Ice age 10,000
years ago, there was one population

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of great white sharks, genetically.

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That's what it was.

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Now there's a distinct three
groups that have emerged.

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So one in the North Pacific, one in the
South Pacific in Indian Ocean, and one

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in the North Atlantic and Mediterranean.

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So this is intriguing
to say the least, right?

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Because you know, the genetic
evidence suggests that these groups

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all stem from a single population
that survived the Ice Age.

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So 10,000 years ago before spreading
into today's three different groups.

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Yet, despite knowing these genetic
divisions exist, mitochondrial DNA and

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nuclear DNA do not line up, meaning
that the common explanations like

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migration and breeding patterns

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aren't enough to explain
the three different groups.

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So the mystery remains unsolved and so
this is what you kind of need to know.

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Before we get into trying to
explain what's been happening.

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You might be wondering why we
care about a genetic mismatch.

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You know, understanding population
structure is essential for conservation.

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So population resilience.

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So genetic diversity helps
population adapt to change.

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the more diverse you have populations,
so the genetic diversity of

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each population matters, right?

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Because if you lose one population,
you'll still get another population.

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'cause the genetic differences might be
the reason why that population survives.

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So for instance, if you have two shark
populations with different genetic

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makeups and there's one population
that just can't find, like say it

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has a food that it really likes one
day and that food disappears, then,

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you know, you lose that population.

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But the other population that's
genetically different has the ability

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to be able to say, Hey, you know
what, I can eat a bunch of different

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things so I don't have to worry about
this population that's gone, but

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you still have a great white there.

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So having that genetic differences,
whatever reason, a population disappears,

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whether it's food, whether it's an
ice age, whatever that might be.

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this is really important to
stabilize the overall species.

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It's exactly how a lot of the zoos
and aquariums are founded on the basis

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that they're founded on, and how their
breeding programs work to ensure that

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they preserve the genetic diversity of a
species in order to ever, they have to,

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bring those back to the wild to
repopulate and to stabilize the

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species that may have been just
degraded of their species, diversity

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in the wild for one reason or another.

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So having that resilience
is really important.

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Genetic diversity is such an
important aspect of biodiversity

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and just conservation management
and also management planning.

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If distinct groups exist, protections
must be tailored to each of those regions.

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Not a one size fits all sort of area.

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So the genetic differences might require
unique management approaches, and that's

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gonna be important in conservation.

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And then of course, there's
the threat assessment.

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Knowing how populations intermix helps
us track human impacts, climate effects

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as well as fishing pressure and more.

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So this is something
that's really important.

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So basically, in short, resolving
the DNA mysteries gives us the

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tools to better protect great whites
and the ecosystems they anchor.

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You have to remember that.

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When a great white is in the mix
of a population of a food web, it

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controls that food web a lot of the
times, unless there's orcas around.

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But when you see the disappearance
of great whites, whether it be

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'cause of orcas or whether it be
'cause of phishing pressure or lack

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of food, it changes the makeup of a
food web, which changes the entire

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ecosystem, whether it be for good or for
bad, depending on what you consider good

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and bad in an area, but it makes change.

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So ensuring that these populations
stay intact and make sure that we have

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conservation measures to make sure
these great whites are there, then it

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makes a difference even as great whites
move into new ecosystems because of

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climate change, warmer waters, or the
fact that they're trying to get away

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from competition and extend their range

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that also matters in terms of
how we conserve a specific area.

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'cause a number of great whites showing
up within an ecosystem will change

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that food web of that ecosystem and
change the predator prey dynamics.

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That's really important.

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So it's a big thing of
why it matters, right?

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It's something that we need to know.

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But let's get back into the genetic puzzle
because like diving into this article,

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they're wondering, how does this happen?

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How do we see differences in
mitochondrial DNA and or nucleus DNA?

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that's a big thing.

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And we're gonna get into a bit
of science here, but I think it's

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important to understand the difference
between the different DNA, right?

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Because that's something
that's really important.

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So nuclear DNA is packaged
inside the nucleus of a cell.

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So that's why it's called nuclear
DNA, hence the name, right?

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But mitochondrial DNA is packaged
inside the mitochondria, which

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turns out energy out for the cell.

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So very different sort of functions
of mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA.

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So unlike nuclear DNA, this is quoting
from the article, which is inherited

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from both parents, mitochondrial DNA is
thought to be inherited from the mother

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in most multicellular
animals, sharks included.

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So because mitochondrial DNA can trace
a maternal line, conservation biologists

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have used it for years to identify
population boundaries and migration paths.

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So what that looks like is that, when
you start to look at how, especially

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sharks, some sharks, the mothers will go
back to the place where they bred last.

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So it's called philopatry.

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I don't know if I'm pronouncing it, this
is a new term for me, but essentially what

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happens is the mother will go back to the
same place and will mix DNA with the male

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and then will put out some offspring.

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That is important to tracing
where things are going.

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But however, when it comes to great
whites, the method isn't working.

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So even after using one of the
largest data sets of great white

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sharks globally, researchers
have come up like empty handed.

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So previously scientists suspected
that changes in the mitochondrial DNA

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were due to female sharks returning to
the birthplace to reproduce a concept

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known as females philopatry, I think
I'm pronouncing that properly, but

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the hypothesis is even supported by the
recent observational evidence, which

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suggests that while both male and female
sharks travel vast distances, females

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return home when it's time to mate.

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When the researchers and one of the
main researchers of Gavin Naylor and

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colleagues put that into the idea,
to the test, however, it failed to

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explain the groups of mitochondrial DNA.

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So the sequencing of 150 great
white sharks from around the world,

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the sequencing of the genes,
Naylor and his team found no

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evidence of female philopatry.

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A small signal would be expected in
nuclear DNA if females were the only

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breeding within certain populations.

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But that wasn't reflected
in the nuclear data at all.

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So even when the team ran an evolutionary
simulation showing how sharks might

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have split off into three groups since
their last shared ancestor, it came

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up that the hypothesis didn't stand.

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Gavin Naylor's quote is, I came up
with the idea that sex ratios might

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be different that just a few females
were contributing to the populations

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from one generation to the next.

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So like only a few
females were reproducing.

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That also failed to explain the
genetic differences so did random

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genetic changes that accumulate
over time called genetic drift.

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There's a really cool graphic here looking
at divergence of great white lineages.

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So I highly recommend that
you click the link in the

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description to get the article.

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Because they're looking at, you know,
divergence of great white sharks

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lineages based on genome sequencing,
it's really cool 'cause you see

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how there are some DNA that's mixed
into these different populations and

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sometimes it just doesn't make sense.

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The team argues that an
alternative evolutionary mechanism

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must necessarily be operating.

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So there's something else going on here.

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Right, and so, but the only other known
explanation is the natural selection may

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have honed in each group's mitochondrial
DNA, and that seems pretty far fetched.

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So there are only 20,000 great
white sharks in the world, which

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is a very small population.

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Relatively speaking, when
you look at other species,

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if there's something beneficial in the
evolution of some forms of mitochondrial

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DNA, then it would have to save the
sharks from something brutally lethal.

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This is what Gavin's saying, Gavin Naylor.

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So Gavin has doubts that this
is the case, like some piece of

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the puzzle is clearly missing.

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As he says, the mitochondrial DNA
observed in natural populations

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was never reproduced in any of the
simulations, even under extreme phenol

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philopatry, suggesting that other forces
have contributed to the discordance.

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Right.

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So the same approach would benefit
other species of shark where female

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philopatry has previously been
assumed based on genetic data.

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So there's a lot of mystery around
here, which we don't even know

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why this is happening, right?

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We just don't understand it.

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But to understand the DNA could be a key
to unlocking how to manage great white

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sharks properly and how to manage other
species that might show the same thing.

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You know, there are other sharks
that have similar philopatry,

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like female philopatry.

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Some of them include uh,
I'm just looking here.

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I have a list.

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Lemon sharks, blacktip sharks,
sandbar sharks, tiger sharks, nurse

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sharks, reef associated sharks,
like, whitetip reef sharks.

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That's a huge thing.

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And you are probably
wondering why does it matter?

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'cause returning to specific popping
grounds means that the protection

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of small critical nursery habitats
can safeguard generations of sharks.

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So just having a marine protected
area in a popping zone, that is

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huge to protecting these sharks.

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Of course, keeping the genetic structure.

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So philopatry leads to distinct
subpopulations, making localized

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overfishing more damaging.

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So being careful of that and management
using marine protected areas must consider

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these natal sites to be effective.

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So when we actually look and we want to
make sure that everything is protected,

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we can look at these smaller sites
and say, Hey, this is a popping zone.

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We know this is a popping zone
because these sharks keep coming back

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to this area, these female sharks.

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This is important.

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We have to protect this.

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This is a very important area.

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If the sharks get fished during
this time, it's gonna destroy

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the population eventually.

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00:12:22,378 --> 00:12:24,598
So that's something that's
very important as well.

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So that's where we're gonna leave it.

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It's really just a mystery.

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It's weird.

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Great white shark DNA is weird.

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And we have to understand that we're
gonna need more research to find out why

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it's so weird and how to explain these
diversions into these three groups.

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Very interesting article.

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Something that I want to share with you.

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00:12:43,214 --> 00:12:46,664
So if you have any questions or comments,
please let me know in the comments.

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00:12:47,504 --> 00:12:50,084
If you're watching this on YouTube
or you want to get ahold of me,

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00:12:50,084 --> 00:12:51,164
there's a number of different ways.

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00:12:51,164 --> 00:12:53,769
You can go to Instagram at
How to Protect the Ocean.

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00:12:53,769 --> 00:12:54,609
Just message me.

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00:12:54,879 --> 00:12:57,849
You can go to speak up
for blue.com/contact.

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00:12:57,849 --> 00:13:01,179
Just fill out the form, goes to my
email, or you can hit me up on TikTok.

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00:13:01,179 --> 00:13:03,049
Just DM me, at speak Up for Blue.

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00:13:03,149 --> 00:13:05,699
I wanna thank you so much for
joining me on today's episode of the

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00:13:05,699 --> 00:13:06,959
How to Protect the Ocean Podcast.

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00:13:06,959 --> 00:13:09,629
I'm your host, Andrew Lewin from
the True Nordstrom and Free.

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Have a great day.

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We'll talk to you next time
and happy conservation.