March 2, 2026
The Ocean Is “Protected.” So Why Is Illegal Fishing Still Happening?
Marine protected areas now cover more than 8 percent of the global ocean. Governments announce new boundaries. Press releases celebrate historic milestones. But here is the uncomfortable truth: a line on a map does not stop illegal fishing. In this episode, we break down why enforcement, not designation, is the real driver of ocean recovery, and why many so called protected areas still struggle with noncompliance.
Enforcement capacity, staffing levels, and stable funding predict ecological success better than size alone. Drawing on findings from Gill et al. 2017 in Nature, we examine how marine protected areas with adequate patrols and monitoring can have up to three times higher fish biomass than underfunded sites. From Papahānaumokuākea in Hawaiʻi to Bonaire, Cabo Pulmo, and the Great Barrier Reef, the pattern is consistent: where officers are present, and budgets are stable, ecosystems recover. Where patrol boats sit docked, illegal fishing continues.
This episode also explores what happens when funding collapses, patrols are interrupted, and monitoring programs end. Weak enforcement creates gaps. Gaps invite intrusion. And once trust erodes within coastal communities, compliance becomes harder to rebuild. Protection works when it is real. Real protection requires presence.
If you care about whether ocean conservation promises actually deliver results, this episode will change how you think about marine protection.
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Transcript
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Enforcement is
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the most
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underrated
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ocean tool.
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You can declare
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an ocean
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protected in a
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single afternoon,
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but what you
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can't do is
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protect it
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without
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showing up.
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Rules without enforcement are
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just suggestions.
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This is the How
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to Protect the
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Ocean podcast,
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your weekday
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ocean
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news update.
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If you care about
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staying informed
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on the ocean
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every weekday,
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hit that follow
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button right now
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so you don't miss
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tomorrow's story.
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This week, we're
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gonna be talking
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a lot about
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enforcement
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and action, and
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so every episode
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this week
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is gonna be
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themed
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around that,
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so you don't
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wanna miss this.
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Marine protected
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areas with
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adequate
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staffing,
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monitoring, and
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compliance
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systems
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consistently show
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dramatically
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better ecological
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outcomes
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than those
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without
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enforcement
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capacity.
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The difference
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between success
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and failure
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is not the
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boundary.
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It is the budget.
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It is the
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patrol boat.
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It is the
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presence.
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This is gonna be
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a breakdown
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of what makes a
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marine protected
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area work.
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Last week, we
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talked about
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marine
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protected areas
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and what they are
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as paper parks
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and how useless
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they are.
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Today, we're
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gonna be
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focusing on
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what actually
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makes an
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MPA work.
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What actually is
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the key to saving
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the ocean?
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So the key
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question here is,
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why does
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enforcement
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predict
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ecological
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success
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better than the
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designation
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alone?
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Let's start
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looking at the
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enforcement
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gap here.
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So over 18,000
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MPAs exist
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globally, right?
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We talked about
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that last week.
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Coverage has
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expanded rapidly
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in the
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past decade,
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but enforcement
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capacity varies dramatically
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between regions.
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That's what we
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talked about with
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the paper parks.
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Many countries
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designate large
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offshore MPAs
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without
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increasing patrol
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budgets.
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Imagine any type
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of area in the
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ocean, especially
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offshore where
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you can't really
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see the coastline
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from that area.
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Imagine having
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one patrol boat
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to patrol that
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huge area.
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Papahana Makua
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Kia, for
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instance, that is
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a huge area
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to patrol.
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If you only have
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one patrol boat,
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you're never
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gonna be able to
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enforce the law
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because if
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anybody wants to
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fish in there
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illegally,
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they can do so
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without
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being caught,
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00:02:06,791 --> 00:02:07,375
unless it's by
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satellite, unless
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they have their
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AIS or their GPS
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turned on
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and they're known
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to be in
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that area.
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But without the
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patrol boats,
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you're really not
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gonna be
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able to see it
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and attempt to
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00:02:17,958 --> 00:02:20,375
attack or capture
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these boats to
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prevent them from
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doing it.
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A protected
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boundary on a map
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does not
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automatically
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change
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behavior at sea.
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Just because
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there's a
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protection
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doesn't mean that
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people aren't
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gonna go
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in and fish.
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00:02:32,750 --> 00:02:33,083
So there was a
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study by Gail et
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al in 2017
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in nature,
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and they found
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that most MPAs
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00:02:38,208 --> 00:02:38,833
suffer from a
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00:02:38,833 --> 00:02:39,666
major shortfalls
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in staffing and
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funding.
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On average, many
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MPAs operate with
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less than half
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the recommended
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staffing levels.
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Enforcement
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capacity explains
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more variance in
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ecological
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outcomes than the
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size alone.
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That's how
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important
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enforcement is.
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Protection
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without presence
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invites
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non-compliance.
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So here's what
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the data shows
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about the
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staffing.
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So in these key
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findings from
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Gail et al in
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2017 in nature,
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MPAs with
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adequate staff
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had significantly
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higher fish
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biomass.
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Sites with high
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staff capacity
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had biomass up to
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three times
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higher than the
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low
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capacity sites.
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Staffing and
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budget were
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stronger
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predictors of
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success than the
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actual area size.
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So imagine having
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just a small
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area, but you can
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patrol it better.
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The quality of
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that area is
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gonna be a lot
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better than the
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bigger area that
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you can't patrol
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because that
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means you are
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00:03:33,833 --> 00:03:34,208
actually
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enforcing
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the area.
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You were saying
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to people, hey,
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we're
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00:03:37,083 --> 00:03:37,958
gonna find you.
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Even if it's a
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small area, we're
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gonna protect
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this area because
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it's better than
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having just
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quantities,
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better than
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having just a
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bigger size.
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So instead of
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saying, hey, the
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bigger the MPA,
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the better we're
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gonna be able to
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00:03:48,083 --> 00:03:48,916
have success.
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No, the smaller
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the, really it's
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the
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enforcement size.
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So the better the
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staffing and the
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00:03:53,791 --> 00:03:54,416
funding for that
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00:03:54,416 --> 00:03:55,333
staffing and the
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00:03:55,333 --> 00:03:55,583
number of
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00:03:55,583 --> 00:03:56,375
patrol boats,
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00:03:56,583 --> 00:03:57,125
the better you're
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gonna have
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success.
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Doesn't matter
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the area.
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That's what it
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00:04:00,583 --> 00:04:00,750
really
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00:04:00,750 --> 00:04:02,041
comes out to.
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Size matters less
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00:04:03,250 --> 00:04:03,958
than enforcement
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intensity.
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That's what it
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00:04:05,000 --> 00:04:05,625
comes down to.
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So let's get into
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the funding
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mechanisms of
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everything.
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Stable line items
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and national
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budgets.
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So that's the
303
00:04:12,250 --> 00:04:13,125
line item that
304
00:04:13,125 --> 00:04:13,958
allots the
305
00:04:13,958 --> 00:04:14,833
number, the
306
00:04:14,833 --> 00:04:15,750
amount of money
307
00:04:15,750 --> 00:04:16,375
that goes towards
308
00:04:16,375 --> 00:04:18,416
these enforcement
309
00:04:18,416 --> 00:04:19,291
productions and
310
00:04:19,291 --> 00:04:19,708
staffing.
311
00:04:20,208 --> 00:04:21,625
Allow managers to
312
00:04:21,625 --> 00:04:23,083
plan long-term
313
00:04:23,083 --> 00:04:24,125
patrols and
314
00:04:24,125 --> 00:04:24,791
monitoring.
315
00:04:25,250 --> 00:04:26,000
So a strong
316
00:04:26,000 --> 00:04:27,250
examples of the
317
00:04:27,250 --> 00:04:28,000
Papahana Makua
318
00:04:28,000 --> 00:04:29,458
Kia monument or
319
00:04:29,458 --> 00:04:30,208
Marine National
320
00:04:30,208 --> 00:04:30,541
Monument
321
00:04:30,541 --> 00:04:31,458
in Hawaii.
322
00:04:31,666 --> 00:04:32,291
So it's managed
323
00:04:32,291 --> 00:04:33,833
by the National
324
00:04:33,833 --> 00:04:34,666
Oceanographic and
325
00:04:34,666 --> 00:04:35,666
Atmospheric
326
00:04:35,666 --> 00:04:36,291
Administration,
327
00:04:36,583 --> 00:04:37,583
NOAA, and the
328
00:04:37,583 --> 00:04:38,333
state of Hawaii.
329
00:04:38,333 --> 00:04:38,708
It receives
330
00:04:38,708 --> 00:04:39,541
federal funding
331
00:04:39,541 --> 00:04:40,500
that supports
332
00:04:40,500 --> 00:04:41,041
enforcement
333
00:04:41,041 --> 00:04:42,458
vessels, research
334
00:04:42,458 --> 00:04:43,708
expeditions, and
335
00:04:43,708 --> 00:04:44,291
operational
336
00:04:44,291 --> 00:04:44,958
continuity.
337
00:04:45,500 --> 00:04:46,416
So this monument
338
00:04:46,416 --> 00:04:47,000
is not just
339
00:04:47,000 --> 00:04:47,333
declared
340
00:04:47,333 --> 00:04:47,750
protected.
341
00:04:48,041 --> 00:04:48,875
It has officers,
342
00:04:49,416 --> 00:04:50,125
it has vessels,
343
00:04:50,458 --> 00:04:51,208
and it has the
344
00:04:51,208 --> 00:04:51,666
presence
345
00:04:51,666 --> 00:04:53,041
necessary to
346
00:04:53,041 --> 00:04:53,958
enforce the
347
00:04:53,958 --> 00:04:54,958
protections that
348
00:04:54,958 --> 00:04:55,500
are guaranteed
349
00:04:55,500 --> 00:04:56,750
within Papahana
350
00:04:56,750 --> 00:04:57,458
Makua Kia
351
00:04:57,458 --> 00:04:58,333
National, Marine
352
00:04:58,333 --> 00:04:58,708
National
353
00:04:58,708 --> 00:04:59,125
Monument.
354
00:04:59,500 --> 00:05:00,083
When governments
355
00:05:00,083 --> 00:05:01,041
actually commit
356
00:05:01,041 --> 00:05:01,791
real budget
357
00:05:01,791 --> 00:05:02,166
lines,
358
00:05:02,625 --> 00:05:03,000
enforcement
359
00:05:03,000 --> 00:05:04,375
actually happens.
360
00:05:05,583 --> 00:05:06,000
Now we look at
361
00:05:06,000 --> 00:05:06,875
tourism revenue
362
00:05:06,875 --> 00:05:07,750
and reinvestment
363
00:05:07,750 --> 00:05:08,375
for funding.
364
00:05:08,791 --> 00:05:09,708
Some MPAs fund
365
00:05:09,708 --> 00:05:10,208
themselves
366
00:05:10,208 --> 00:05:11,166
through visitors
367
00:05:11,166 --> 00:05:12,125
and like visitor
368
00:05:12,125 --> 00:05:12,833
fees and dive
369
00:05:12,833 --> 00:05:13,125
permits.
370
00:05:13,541 --> 00:05:14,166
I've gone diving
371
00:05:14,166 --> 00:05:14,541
in marine
372
00:05:14,541 --> 00:05:15,166
protected areas
373
00:05:15,166 --> 00:05:16,000
off of Costa San
374
00:05:16,000 --> 00:05:17,250
Martin, where you
375
00:05:17,250 --> 00:05:17,791
were actually
376
00:05:17,791 --> 00:05:18,458
allowed to dive,
377
00:05:18,708 --> 00:05:19,458
but you had to
378
00:05:19,458 --> 00:05:20,541
pay a
379
00:05:20,541 --> 00:05:21,000
certain amount.
380
00:05:21,000 --> 00:05:21,541
A little bit more
381
00:05:21,541 --> 00:05:21,916
than you would
382
00:05:21,916 --> 00:05:22,541
normally pay.
383
00:05:23,000 --> 00:05:23,791
And we were okay
384
00:05:23,791 --> 00:05:24,375
with that.
385
00:05:24,625 --> 00:05:25,041
At Bonaire
386
00:05:25,041 --> 00:05:25,791
National Marine
387
00:05:25,791 --> 00:05:26,708
Park, they even
388
00:05:26,708 --> 00:05:27,208
have divers
389
00:05:27,208 --> 00:05:28,125
purchase a Marine
390
00:05:28,125 --> 00:05:28,875
Park tag.
391
00:05:29,250 --> 00:05:29,833
That revenue
392
00:05:29,833 --> 00:05:30,750
directly supports
393
00:05:30,750 --> 00:05:31,500
reef monitoring,
394
00:05:31,791 --> 00:05:32,166
reef buoy
395
00:05:32,166 --> 00:05:33,333
maintenance, and enforcement.
396
00:05:33,333 --> 00:05:34,666
So healthy
397
00:05:34,666 --> 00:05:35,333
ecosystems
398
00:05:35,333 --> 00:05:36,250
attract visitors,
399
00:05:36,750 --> 00:05:37,375
visitor revenue
400
00:05:37,375 --> 00:05:38,291
funds protection,
401
00:05:38,708 --> 00:05:39,166
protection
402
00:05:39,166 --> 00:05:39,833
maintains
403
00:05:39,833 --> 00:05:40,666
ecosystem health.
404
00:05:41,458 --> 00:05:42,000
It is a
405
00:05:42,000 --> 00:05:42,791
reinforcing
406
00:05:42,791 --> 00:05:43,750
cycle.
407
00:05:44,250 --> 00:05:44,750
Now there's also
408
00:05:44,750 --> 00:05:45,916
NGO co-management
409
00:05:45,916 --> 00:05:46,791
systems for
410
00:05:46,791 --> 00:05:47,166
funding.
411
00:05:47,583 --> 00:05:47,958
So government
412
00:05:47,958 --> 00:05:48,708
agencies often
413
00:05:48,708 --> 00:05:49,625
lack sufficient
414
00:05:49,625 --> 00:05:50,791
technical or
415
00:05:50,791 --> 00:05:51,166
financial
416
00:05:51,166 --> 00:05:52,291
capacity alone.
417
00:05:52,750 --> 00:05:53,583
At Cabo Palmo
418
00:05:53,583 --> 00:05:54,500
National Park in
419
00:05:54,500 --> 00:05:55,583
Mexico, the local
420
00:05:55,583 --> 00:05:56,416
community worked
421
00:05:56,416 --> 00:05:57,708
with NGOs and
422
00:05:57,708 --> 00:05:58,000
federal
423
00:05:58,000 --> 00:05:59,041
authorities after
424
00:05:59,041 --> 00:06:00,000
fishing ended in
425
00:06:00,000 --> 00:06:00,333
the mid-1990s.
426
00:06:00,375 --> 00:06:02,041
Scientific
427
00:06:02,041 --> 00:06:02,583
monitoring
428
00:06:02,583 --> 00:06:03,166
supported
429
00:06:03,166 --> 00:06:03,625
adaptive
430
00:06:03,625 --> 00:06:04,166
management,
431
00:06:04,583 --> 00:06:04,708
community
432
00:06:04,708 --> 00:06:05,208
enforcement
433
00:06:05,208 --> 00:06:05,750
increased
434
00:06:05,750 --> 00:06:06,333
compliance.
435
00:06:06,708 --> 00:06:07,333
Within a decade,
436
00:06:07,541 --> 00:06:08,041
fish biomass
437
00:06:08,041 --> 00:06:08,833
increased by more
438
00:06:08,833 --> 00:06:09,791
than 400%.
439
00:06:11,166 --> 00:06:11,875
Community plus
440
00:06:11,875 --> 00:06:13,291
NGO involvement
441
00:06:13,291 --> 00:06:13,750
increases
442
00:06:13,750 --> 00:06:14,166
ecological
443
00:06:14,166 --> 00:06:15,041
results and
444
00:06:15,041 --> 00:06:15,541
political
445
00:06:15,541 --> 00:06:16,208
durability.
446
00:06:17,041 --> 00:06:17,666
Now long-term
447
00:06:17,666 --> 00:06:18,458
budget guarantees
448
00:06:18,458 --> 00:06:19,250
also help.
449
00:06:19,250 --> 00:06:19,750
So multi-year
450
00:06:19,750 --> 00:06:20,250
funding allows
451
00:06:20,250 --> 00:06:20,708
strategic
452
00:06:20,708 --> 00:06:21,791
planning instead
453
00:06:21,791 --> 00:06:22,291
of reactive
454
00:06:22,291 --> 00:06:22,750
crisis
455
00:06:22,750 --> 00:06:23,250
management.
456
00:06:23,791 --> 00:06:24,208
The Great Barrier
457
00:06:24,208 --> 00:06:25,125
Reef Marine Park
458
00:06:25,125 --> 00:06:25,875
is supported by
459
00:06:25,875 --> 00:06:26,166
federal
460
00:06:26,166 --> 00:06:27,083
allocations and
461
00:06:27,083 --> 00:06:27,333
reef trust investments,
462
00:06:27,375 --> 00:06:28,541
enabling
463
00:06:28,541 --> 00:06:29,541
continuous
464
00:06:29,541 --> 00:06:30,166
monitoring of
465
00:06:30,166 --> 00:06:30,791
coral cover,
466
00:06:31,208 --> 00:06:31,791
water quality,
467
00:06:31,791 --> 00:06:32,708
and fish biomass.
468
00:06:33,250 --> 00:06:34,125
Long-term funding
469
00:06:34,125 --> 00:06:35,250
creates long-term
470
00:06:35,250 --> 00:06:35,958
data sets.
471
00:06:36,333 --> 00:06:37,125
Long-term data
472
00:06:37,125 --> 00:06:37,833
sets creates
473
00:06:37,833 --> 00:06:38,583
accountability.
474
00:06:39,666 --> 00:06:40,125
Having that
475
00:06:40,125 --> 00:06:41,125
long-term funding
476
00:06:41,125 --> 00:06:42,000
is really going
477
00:06:42,000 --> 00:06:42,541
to help the
478
00:06:42,541 --> 00:06:43,416
long-term success
479
00:06:43,416 --> 00:06:44,500
of the Marine
480
00:06:44,500 --> 00:06:45,291
protected area.
481
00:06:45,875 --> 00:06:46,750
What happens when
482
00:06:46,750 --> 00:06:47,375
funding is
483
00:06:47,375 --> 00:06:47,833
unstable?
484
00:06:48,708 --> 00:06:49,125
So then you get
485
00:06:49,125 --> 00:06:49,500
patrol
486
00:06:49,500 --> 00:06:50,333
interruptions.
487
00:06:50,333 --> 00:06:51,083
In the last few years, in several
488
00:06:51,083 --> 00:06:51,708
West African
489
00:06:51,708 --> 00:06:52,625
coastal MPAs,
490
00:06:53,041 --> 00:06:53,625
patrol vessels
491
00:06:53,625 --> 00:06:54,500
lack the fuel
492
00:06:54,500 --> 00:06:54,875
budgets.
493
00:06:55,291 --> 00:06:56,083
It costs a lot of
494
00:06:56,083 --> 00:06:57,083
money to get
495
00:06:57,083 --> 00:06:57,666
boats on the
496
00:06:57,666 --> 00:06:58,375
water and be able
497
00:06:58,375 --> 00:06:58,666
to work
498
00:06:58,666 --> 00:06:59,166
all the time.
499
00:06:59,458 --> 00:07:00,208
When boats remain
500
00:07:00,208 --> 00:07:00,833
docked, illegal
501
00:07:00,833 --> 00:07:01,500
trawlers enter
502
00:07:01,500 --> 00:07:02,000
the protected
503
00:07:02,000 --> 00:07:03,333
areas, even short
504
00:07:03,333 --> 00:07:03,791
enforcement gaps
505
00:07:03,791 --> 00:07:04,458
can create
506
00:07:04,458 --> 00:07:05,125
opportunities for
507
00:07:05,125 --> 00:07:05,458
intrusion.
508
00:07:05,875 --> 00:07:07,083
These illegal
509
00:07:07,083 --> 00:07:07,750
fishers are not
510
00:07:07,750 --> 00:07:08,375
messing around.
511
00:07:08,916 --> 00:07:09,666
They will wait
512
00:07:09,666 --> 00:07:10,208
patiently
513
00:07:10,208 --> 00:07:11,083
out at sea.
514
00:07:11,083 --> 00:07:11,666
They have the
515
00:07:11,666 --> 00:07:12,666
money to be able
516
00:07:12,666 --> 00:07:13,000
to wait
517
00:07:13,000 --> 00:07:13,750
patiently at sea.
518
00:07:14,125 --> 00:07:14,583
Once those
519
00:07:14,583 --> 00:07:15,125
enforcement
520
00:07:15,125 --> 00:07:15,833
patrol boats go
521
00:07:15,833 --> 00:07:16,958
back in, they
522
00:07:16,958 --> 00:07:17,708
will come in and
523
00:07:17,708 --> 00:07:17,958
they will
524
00:07:17,958 --> 00:07:18,791
illegally fish as
525
00:07:18,791 --> 00:07:20,000
fast as they can.
526
00:07:20,875 --> 00:07:21,166
You also have
527
00:07:21,166 --> 00:07:22,125
monitoring gaps.
528
00:07:22,625 --> 00:07:22,791
You also have monitoring gaps.
529
00:07:22,791 --> 00:07:23,833
In parts of South
530
00:07:23,833 --> 00:07:24,375
Asia, if you
531
00:07:24,375 --> 00:07:24,750
don't have
532
00:07:24,750 --> 00:07:25,458
funded, donor
533
00:07:25,458 --> 00:07:26,125
funded monitoring
534
00:07:26,125 --> 00:07:27,375
programs collapse
535
00:07:27,375 --> 00:07:28,708
when grants end.
536
00:07:29,000 --> 00:07:29,791
Grants always
537
00:07:29,791 --> 00:07:30,375
have an end date
538
00:07:30,375 --> 00:07:30,958
to their funding.
539
00:07:31,541 --> 00:07:32,166
Although it's
540
00:07:32,166 --> 00:07:32,666
great, we've seen
541
00:07:32,666 --> 00:07:33,500
long-term data
542
00:07:33,500 --> 00:07:34,750
sets be really
543
00:07:34,750 --> 00:07:35,750
great, but you
544
00:07:35,750 --> 00:07:37,375
see data gaps in
545
00:07:37,375 --> 00:07:38,000
those long-term
546
00:07:38,000 --> 00:07:38,500
data sets.
547
00:07:38,750 --> 00:07:39,083
Because funding
548
00:07:39,083 --> 00:07:41,833
has run out or it
549
00:07:41,833 --> 00:07:43,166
came to the end
550
00:07:43,166 --> 00:07:44,333
of its period of funding.
551
00:07:44,333 --> 00:07:46,791
The people who
552
00:07:46,791 --> 00:07:47,166
are doing it are
553
00:07:47,166 --> 00:07:47,583
trying to get
554
00:07:47,583 --> 00:07:48,125
more funding.
555
00:07:48,125 --> 00:07:48,583
Sometimes you
556
00:07:48,583 --> 00:07:49,375
can't get the
557
00:07:49,375 --> 00:07:49,833
funding depending
558
00:07:49,833 --> 00:07:50,708
on how the
559
00:07:50,708 --> 00:07:51,333
economy is going
560
00:07:51,333 --> 00:07:51,958
and what the
561
00:07:51,958 --> 00:07:52,291
granting
562
00:07:52,291 --> 00:07:53,208
priorities are at
563
00:07:53,208 --> 00:07:54,166
that point from
564
00:07:54,166 --> 00:07:54,833
that foundation
565
00:07:54,833 --> 00:07:55,750
or many
566
00:07:55,750 --> 00:07:56,333
foundations.
567
00:07:57,000 --> 00:07:57,750
Data continuity
568
00:07:57,750 --> 00:08:00,500
breaks make it
569
00:08:00,500 --> 00:08:01,125
impossible to
570
00:08:01,125 --> 00:08:02,000
measure recovery.
571
00:08:02,375 --> 00:08:02,541
Without
572
00:08:02,541 --> 00:08:03,000
consistent
573
00:08:03,000 --> 00:08:03,541
monitoring,
574
00:08:03,916 --> 00:08:04,750
protection cannot
575
00:08:04,750 --> 00:08:05,833
be evaluated.
576
00:08:06,958 --> 00:08:08,041
You have loss of
577
00:08:08,041 --> 00:08:08,916
community trust
578
00:08:08,916 --> 00:08:09,500
when you don't
579
00:08:09,500 --> 00:08:10,166
have the proper
580
00:08:10,166 --> 00:08:10,333
funding.
581
00:08:10,375 --> 00:08:11,416
In some
582
00:08:11,416 --> 00:08:11,875
Mediterranean
583
00:08:11,875 --> 00:08:12,916
MPAs, uneven
584
00:08:12,916 --> 00:08:13,708
enforcement has
585
00:08:13,708 --> 00:08:14,791
undermined local
586
00:08:14,791 --> 00:08:15,333
confidence.
587
00:08:15,666 --> 00:08:15,875
Small-scale
588
00:08:15,875 --> 00:08:16,416
fishers have
589
00:08:16,416 --> 00:08:17,916
reported stricter
590
00:08:17,916 --> 00:08:18,416
enforcement
591
00:08:18,416 --> 00:08:19,833
against them than
592
00:08:19,833 --> 00:08:20,333
industrial
593
00:08:20,333 --> 00:08:21,458
fleets, which
594
00:08:21,458 --> 00:08:22,208
face weaker
595
00:08:22,208 --> 00:08:22,750
oversight.
596
00:08:23,416 --> 00:08:23,958
So when these
597
00:08:23,958 --> 00:08:25,125
rules appear
598
00:08:25,125 --> 00:08:26,041
inconsistently
599
00:08:26,041 --> 00:08:26,500
applied,
600
00:08:26,958 --> 00:08:27,333
voluntary
601
00:08:27,333 --> 00:08:28,083
compliance
602
00:08:28,083 --> 00:08:28,583
declines.
603
00:08:28,833 --> 00:08:30,458
So if you have a
604
00:08:30,458 --> 00:08:31,458
small-time
605
00:08:31,458 --> 00:08:31,625
fisher,
606
00:08:31,916 --> 00:08:32,166
small-scale
607
00:08:32,166 --> 00:08:33,041
fisher, who's
608
00:08:33,041 --> 00:08:33,791
just fishing for
609
00:08:33,791 --> 00:08:34,708
his local area
610
00:08:34,708 --> 00:08:35,333
and trying to
611
00:08:35,333 --> 00:08:35,916
make money for
612
00:08:35,916 --> 00:08:36,333
his family,
613
00:08:36,333 --> 00:08:37,291
if those are
614
00:08:37,291 --> 00:08:37,750
stricter because
615
00:08:37,750 --> 00:08:38,416
they're easier to
616
00:08:38,416 --> 00:08:39,708
enforce, then
617
00:08:39,708 --> 00:08:40,375
that's not going
618
00:08:40,375 --> 00:08:41,000
to really help
619
00:08:41,000 --> 00:08:42,125
while the bigger
620
00:08:42,125 --> 00:08:43,125
companies are
621
00:08:43,125 --> 00:08:43,541
coming and
622
00:08:43,541 --> 00:08:43,958
probably getting
623
00:08:43,958 --> 00:08:44,625
more fish
624
00:08:44,625 --> 00:08:45,708
affecting the
625
00:08:45,708 --> 00:08:47,625
capacity of the
626
00:08:47,625 --> 00:08:47,916
small-scale
627
00:08:47,916 --> 00:08:48,708
fishers to be
628
00:08:48,708 --> 00:08:49,291
able to get fish
629
00:08:49,291 --> 00:08:49,958
in the future.
630
00:08:50,333 --> 00:08:50,875
These industrial
631
00:08:50,875 --> 00:08:51,666
places, the
632
00:08:51,666 --> 00:08:52,250
companies are
633
00:08:52,250 --> 00:08:52,791
just coming in
634
00:08:52,791 --> 00:08:53,000
and doing
635
00:08:53,000 --> 00:08:53,625
whatever and they
636
00:08:53,625 --> 00:08:54,208
will not get
637
00:08:54,208 --> 00:08:54,708
prosecuted.
638
00:08:55,041 --> 00:08:55,375
Maybe because
639
00:08:55,375 --> 00:08:55,833
they have more
640
00:08:55,833 --> 00:08:56,333
money and the
641
00:08:56,333 --> 00:08:56,750
funding is not
642
00:08:56,750 --> 00:08:57,791
enough to pay for
643
00:08:57,791 --> 00:08:58,375
the court fees,
644
00:08:58,666 --> 00:08:59,333
who knows what that would happen.
645
00:09:00,333 --> 00:09:03,083
So trust is
646
00:09:03,083 --> 00:09:03,666
essential to
647
00:09:03,666 --> 00:09:04,875
enforcement. Once
648
00:09:04,875 --> 00:09:05,500
lost, it is
649
00:09:05,500 --> 00:09:06,291
difficult to
650
00:09:06,291 --> 00:09:06,625
rebuild.
651
00:09:07,291 --> 00:09:08,000
Now, if you want
652
00:09:08,000 --> 00:09:09,250
this type of real
653
00:09:09,250 --> 00:09:09,958
ocean protection
654
00:09:09,958 --> 00:09:11,250
stories backed by
655
00:09:11,250 --> 00:09:12,250
science, follow
656
00:09:12,250 --> 00:09:12,625
this show
657
00:09:12,625 --> 00:09:13,291
right now.
658
00:09:13,291 --> 00:09:13,791
Hit that follow
659
00:09:13,791 --> 00:09:14,541
button so you
660
00:09:14,541 --> 00:09:15,125
don't miss
661
00:09:15,125 --> 00:09:15,750
tomorrow's
662
00:09:15,750 --> 00:09:16,166
episode.
663
00:09:17,000 --> 00:09:17,750
So here is the
664
00:09:17,750 --> 00:09:19,041
final word on all
665
00:09:19,041 --> 00:09:19,416
of this.
666
00:09:19,916 --> 00:09:20,541
Enforcement is
667
00:09:20,541 --> 00:09:21,500
not optional when
668
00:09:21,500 --> 00:09:21,833
we're talking
669
00:09:21,833 --> 00:09:22,250
about marine
670
00:09:22,250 --> 00:09:22,916
protected areas.
671
00:09:23,250 --> 00:09:23,625
It is the
672
00:09:23,625 --> 00:09:24,291
mechanism that
673
00:09:24,291 --> 00:09:25,625
turns policy into
674
00:09:25,625 --> 00:09:26,041
ecological
675
00:09:26,041 --> 00:09:26,333
recovery.
676
00:09:26,375 --> 00:09:27,541
MPAs are
677
00:09:27,541 --> 00:09:28,375
necessity. They
678
00:09:28,375 --> 00:09:29,125
are crucial. They
679
00:09:29,125 --> 00:09:30,583
are critical to
680
00:09:30,583 --> 00:09:31,416
making sure that
681
00:09:31,416 --> 00:09:32,250
we are protecting
682
00:09:32,250 --> 00:09:34,208
the ocean, the
683
00:09:34,208 --> 00:09:35,625
most important
684
00:09:35,625 --> 00:09:36,333
parts of
685
00:09:36,333 --> 00:09:36,791
the ocean.
686
00:09:37,208 --> 00:09:37,666
Thirty percent of
687
00:09:37,666 --> 00:09:38,583
the ocean can be
688
00:09:38,583 --> 00:09:39,250
protected, but it
689
00:09:39,250 --> 00:09:39,958
has to be
690
00:09:39,958 --> 00:09:40,541
enforced.
691
00:09:41,458 --> 00:09:42,083
Fish do not
692
00:09:42,083 --> 00:09:43,541
recover because a
693
00:09:43,541 --> 00:09:44,458
law was passed.
694
00:09:44,458 --> 00:09:44,875
They recover
695
00:09:44,875 --> 00:09:45,375
because
696
00:09:45,375 --> 00:09:46,333
extraction stops.
697
00:09:46,375 --> 00:09:48,458
The science is
698
00:09:48,458 --> 00:09:49,208
consistent across
699
00:09:49,208 --> 00:09:49,916
ecosystems and
700
00:09:49,916 --> 00:09:51,000
continents. When
701
00:09:51,000 --> 00:09:51,500
enforcement is
702
00:09:51,500 --> 00:09:52,750
strong, biomass
703
00:09:52,750 --> 00:09:53,750
increases. When
704
00:09:53,750 --> 00:09:54,333
enforcement is
705
00:09:54,333 --> 00:09:55,375
weak, paper
706
00:09:55,375 --> 00:09:56,083
park fails.
707
00:09:56,791 --> 00:09:57,083
That's really
708
00:09:57,083 --> 00:09:57,500
what it comes
709
00:09:57,500 --> 00:09:58,000
down to.
710
00:09:58,375 --> 00:09:58,750
Governments can
711
00:09:58,750 --> 00:09:59,000
announce
712
00:09:59,000 --> 00:09:59,791
protections all
713
00:09:59,791 --> 00:10:00,375
day in a press
714
00:10:00,375 --> 00:10:01,375
conference, but
715
00:10:01,375 --> 00:10:01,750
ecosystems
716
00:10:01,750 --> 00:10:03,166
respond to only
717
00:10:03,166 --> 00:10:04,000
what happens on
718
00:10:04,000 --> 00:10:04,416
the water.
719
00:10:04,875 --> 00:10:05,500
Protection works
720
00:10:05,500 --> 00:10:06,541
when it's real.
721
00:10:07,416 --> 00:10:07,916
That's really the
722
00:10:07,916 --> 00:10:08,333
lesson today.
723
00:10:08,375 --> 00:10:10,208
Enforcement is
724
00:10:10,208 --> 00:10:10,708
absolutely
725
00:10:10,708 --> 00:10:12,000
critical on the
726
00:10:12,000 --> 00:10:13,000
water in marine
727
00:10:13,000 --> 00:10:13,708
protected areas.
728
00:10:14,166 --> 00:10:14,583
It is very
729
00:10:14,583 --> 00:10:15,500
difficult to get
730
00:10:15,500 --> 00:10:16,833
protection across
731
00:10:16,833 --> 00:10:18,500
different marine
732
00:10:18,500 --> 00:10:19,166
protected areas
733
00:10:19,166 --> 00:10:20,000
or outside of
734
00:10:20,000 --> 00:10:20,416
marine protected
735
00:10:20,416 --> 00:10:21,250
areas, but those
736
00:10:21,250 --> 00:10:21,958
boundaries that
737
00:10:21,958 --> 00:10:22,875
are designated by
738
00:10:22,875 --> 00:10:23,875
law should be
739
00:10:23,875 --> 00:10:25,083
enforced by law.
740
00:10:25,458 --> 00:10:25,791
That's really
741
00:10:25,791 --> 00:10:26,333
what it comes
742
00:10:26,333 --> 00:10:26,916
down to when
743
00:10:26,916 --> 00:10:27,333
we're talking
744
00:10:27,333 --> 00:10:28,125
about protection
745
00:10:28,125 --> 00:10:28,958
of marine
746
00:10:28,958 --> 00:10:29,750
protected areas.
747
00:10:30,416 --> 00:10:30,708
That's the
748
00:10:30,708 --> 00:10:31,125
episode for
749
00:10:31,125 --> 00:10:31,791
today. I would
750
00:10:31,791 --> 00:10:32,958
love to hear what
751
00:10:32,958 --> 00:10:33,750
you think. Go to
752
00:10:33,750 --> 00:10:34,875
speakupforblue.com
753
00:10:34,875 --> 00:10:35,333
forward slash feedback.
754
00:10:35,333 --> 00:10:36,541
You can either
755
00:10:36,541 --> 00:10:37,500
leave a voicemail
756
00:10:37,500 --> 00:10:38,500
or you can type
757
00:10:38,500 --> 00:10:38,958
out your answer.
758
00:10:39,250 --> 00:10:40,250
I want to hear
759
00:10:40,250 --> 00:10:41,083
from you. This is
760
00:10:41,083 --> 00:10:41,375
just the
761
00:10:41,375 --> 00:10:41,916
beginning of a
762
00:10:41,916 --> 00:10:42,583
conversation that
763
00:10:42,583 --> 00:10:43,166
I want to have
764
00:10:43,166 --> 00:10:44,458
with many of you.
765
00:10:44,458 --> 00:10:44,875
With you
766
00:10:44,875 --> 00:10:46,208
listening in this
767
00:10:46,208 --> 00:10:46,875
audience being
768
00:10:46,875 --> 00:10:47,708
like, "Hey, I
769
00:10:47,708 --> 00:10:47,958
have some
770
00:10:47,958 --> 00:10:48,541
questions about
771
00:10:48,541 --> 00:10:49,125
this. Let me know
772
00:10:49,125 --> 00:10:49,750
your questions.
773
00:10:49,750 --> 00:10:50,083
Maybe they'll
774
00:10:50,083 --> 00:10:50,708
spark another
775
00:10:50,708 --> 00:10:51,166
episode."
776
00:10:51,500 --> 00:10:52,458
I would love to
777
00:10:52,458 --> 00:10:53,250
hear from you. Go
778
00:10:53,250 --> 00:10:53,375
to
779
00:10:53,375 --> 00:10:54,500
speakupforblue.com
780
00:10:54,500 --> 00:10:55,333
forward slash feedback.
781
00:10:55,333 --> 00:10:56,750
And of course, if
782
00:10:56,750 --> 00:10:57,583
you want more of
783
00:10:57,583 --> 00:10:58,333
this type of
784
00:10:58,333 --> 00:10:59,291
content, you want
785
00:10:59,291 --> 00:10:59,791
to hear more
786
00:10:59,791 --> 00:11:01,041
about enforcement
787
00:11:01,041 --> 00:11:01,875
and monitoring
788
00:11:01,875 --> 00:11:02,500
and all that kind
789
00:11:02,500 --> 00:11:03,083
of stuff this
790
00:11:03,083 --> 00:11:04,041
week, you can hit
791
00:11:04,041 --> 00:11:04,541
that follow
792
00:11:04,541 --> 00:11:05,041
button so you
793
00:11:05,041 --> 00:11:05,416
don't miss
794
00:11:05,416 --> 00:11:05,916
tomorrow's
795
00:11:05,916 --> 00:11:06,166
episode.
796
00:11:06,416 --> 00:11:06,833
I want to thank
797
00:11:06,833 --> 00:11:07,500
you so much for
798
00:11:07,500 --> 00:11:08,041
joining me on
799
00:11:08,041 --> 00:11:08,583
today's episode
800
00:11:08,583 --> 00:11:09,166
of the How to
801
00:11:09,166 --> 00:11:09,625
Protect the Ocean
802
00:11:09,625 --> 00:11:10,708
podcast. I'm your
803
00:11:10,708 --> 00:11:11,208
host, Andrew
804
00:11:11,208 --> 00:11:11,666
Lewin. Have a
805
00:11:11,666 --> 00:11:12,125
great day. We'll
806
00:11:12,125 --> 00:11:12,541
talk to you next
807
00:11:12,541 --> 00:11:13,500
time and happy
808
00:11:13,500 --> 00:11:13,833
conservation.
00:00:00,250 --> 00:00:01,041
Enforcement is
2
00:00:01,041 --> 00:00:01,333
the most
3
00:00:01,333 --> 00:00:02,083
underrated
4
00:00:02,083 --> 00:00:03,083
ocean tool.
5
00:00:03,791 --> 00:00:04,500
You can declare
6
00:00:04,500 --> 00:00:05,333
an ocean
7
00:00:05,333 --> 00:00:06,291
protected in a
8
00:00:06,291 --> 00:00:06,958
single afternoon,
9
00:00:07,500 --> 00:00:08,041
but what you
10
00:00:08,041 --> 00:00:08,791
can't do is
11
00:00:08,791 --> 00:00:09,458
protect it
12
00:00:09,458 --> 00:00:09,833
without
13
00:00:09,833 --> 00:00:10,541
showing up.
14
00:00:11,458 --> 00:00:13,000
Rules without enforcement are
15
00:00:13,000 --> 00:00:13,875
just suggestions.
16
00:00:14,625 --> 00:00:15,041
This is the How
17
00:00:15,041 --> 00:00:15,500
to Protect the
18
00:00:15,500 --> 00:00:16,125
Ocean podcast,
19
00:00:16,375 --> 00:00:16,958
your weekday
20
00:00:16,958 --> 00:00:17,291
ocean
21
00:00:17,291 --> 00:00:17,916
news update.
22
00:00:18,250 --> 00:00:19,500
If you care about
23
00:00:19,500 --> 00:00:20,250
staying informed
24
00:00:20,250 --> 00:00:21,333
on the ocean
25
00:00:21,333 --> 00:00:22,375
every weekday,
26
00:00:22,750 --> 00:00:23,250
hit that follow
27
00:00:23,250 --> 00:00:24,083
button right now
28
00:00:24,083 --> 00:00:24,958
so you don't miss
29
00:00:24,958 --> 00:00:25,916
tomorrow's story.
30
00:00:26,583 --> 00:00:27,166
This week, we're
31
00:00:27,166 --> 00:00:27,666
gonna be talking
32
00:00:27,666 --> 00:00:28,541
a lot about
33
00:00:28,541 --> 00:00:29,125
enforcement
34
00:00:29,500 --> 00:00:30,541
and action, and
35
00:00:30,541 --> 00:00:31,541
so every episode
36
00:00:31,541 --> 00:00:32,166
this week
37
00:00:32,166 --> 00:00:32,791
is gonna be
38
00:00:32,791 --> 00:00:33,416
themed
39
00:00:33,416 --> 00:00:34,166
around that,
40
00:00:34,166 --> 00:00:34,833
so you don't
41
00:00:34,833 --> 00:00:35,583
wanna miss this.
42
00:00:36,000 --> 00:00:36,541
Marine protected
43
00:00:36,541 --> 00:00:37,458
areas with
44
00:00:37,458 --> 00:00:37,916
adequate
45
00:00:37,916 --> 00:00:38,375
staffing,
46
00:00:38,916 --> 00:00:39,708
monitoring, and
47
00:00:39,708 --> 00:00:40,041
compliance
48
00:00:40,041 --> 00:00:40,625
systems
49
00:00:40,875 --> 00:00:41,916
consistently show
50
00:00:41,916 --> 00:00:42,541
dramatically
51
00:00:42,541 --> 00:00:43,916
better ecological
52
00:00:43,916 --> 00:00:44,541
outcomes
53
00:00:44,791 --> 00:00:45,291
than those
54
00:00:45,291 --> 00:00:46,083
without
55
00:00:46,083 --> 00:00:46,958
enforcement
56
00:00:46,958 --> 00:00:47,666
capacity.
57
00:00:48,583 --> 00:00:48,958
The difference
58
00:00:48,958 --> 00:00:49,708
between success
59
00:00:49,708 --> 00:00:50,291
and failure
60
00:00:50,291 --> 00:00:50,916
is not the
61
00:00:50,916 --> 00:00:51,500
boundary.
62
00:00:51,500 --> 00:00:52,125
It is the budget.
63
00:00:52,791 --> 00:00:53,291
It is the
64
00:00:53,291 --> 00:00:53,833
patrol boat.
65
00:00:54,291 --> 00:00:54,875
It is the
66
00:00:54,875 --> 00:00:55,208
presence.
67
00:00:55,916 --> 00:00:56,583
This is gonna be
68
00:00:56,583 --> 00:00:56,958
a breakdown
69
00:00:57,291 --> 00:00:58,500
of what makes a
70
00:00:58,500 --> 00:00:59,083
marine protected
71
00:00:59,083 --> 00:00:59,791
area work.
72
00:01:00,166 --> 00:01:00,666
Last week, we
73
00:01:00,666 --> 00:01:01,250
talked about
74
00:01:01,250 --> 00:01:01,541
marine
75
00:01:01,541 --> 00:01:02,250
protected areas
76
00:01:02,458 --> 00:01:03,125
and what they are
77
00:01:03,125 --> 00:01:03,791
as paper parks
78
00:01:03,791 --> 00:01:04,583
and how useless
79
00:01:04,583 --> 00:01:05,208
they are.
80
00:01:05,500 --> 00:01:05,875
Today, we're
81
00:01:05,875 --> 00:01:06,083
gonna be
82
00:01:06,083 --> 00:01:06,583
focusing on
83
00:01:07,000 --> 00:01:07,458
what actually
84
00:01:07,458 --> 00:01:07,833
makes an
85
00:01:07,833 --> 00:01:08,500
MPA work.
86
00:01:08,958 --> 00:01:09,916
What actually is
87
00:01:09,916 --> 00:01:11,458
the key to saving
88
00:01:11,458 --> 00:01:12,458
the ocean?
89
00:01:13,333 --> 00:01:13,625
So the key
90
00:01:13,625 --> 00:01:14,291
question here is,
91
00:01:14,500 --> 00:01:14,958
why does
92
00:01:14,958 --> 00:01:15,458
enforcement
93
00:01:15,458 --> 00:01:15,875
predict
94
00:01:15,875 --> 00:01:16,375
ecological
95
00:01:16,375 --> 00:01:17,000
success
96
00:01:17,250 --> 00:01:18,000
better than the
97
00:01:18,000 --> 00:01:18,500
designation
98
00:01:18,500 --> 00:01:19,166
alone?
99
00:01:19,875 --> 00:01:20,333
Let's start
100
00:01:20,333 --> 00:01:21,458
looking at the
101
00:01:21,458 --> 00:01:21,833
enforcement
102
00:01:21,833 --> 00:01:22,541
gap here.
103
00:01:22,541 --> 00:01:23,666
So over 18,000
104
00:01:23,666 --> 00:01:24,458
MPAs exist
105
00:01:24,458 --> 00:01:25,208
globally, right?
106
00:01:25,291 --> 00:01:25,750
We talked about
107
00:01:25,750 --> 00:01:26,916
that last week.
108
00:01:27,708 --> 00:01:27,958
Coverage has
109
00:01:27,958 --> 00:01:29,291
expanded rapidly
110
00:01:29,291 --> 00:01:29,916
in the
111
00:01:29,916 --> 00:01:30,583
past decade,
112
00:01:30,875 --> 00:01:31,500
but enforcement
113
00:01:31,500 --> 00:01:32,458
capacity varies dramatically
114
00:01:32,458 --> 00:01:33,916
between regions.
115
00:01:33,916 --> 00:01:34,250
That's what we
116
00:01:34,250 --> 00:01:34,791
talked about with
117
00:01:34,791 --> 00:01:35,541
the paper parks.
118
00:01:36,166 --> 00:01:36,625
Many countries
119
00:01:36,625 --> 00:01:37,583
designate large
120
00:01:37,583 --> 00:01:38,625
offshore MPAs
121
00:01:38,625 --> 00:01:39,291
without
122
00:01:39,291 --> 00:01:40,291
increasing patrol
123
00:01:40,291 --> 00:01:40,750
budgets.
124
00:01:42,125 --> 00:01:43,833
Imagine any type
125
00:01:43,833 --> 00:01:45,875
of area in the
126
00:01:45,875 --> 00:01:46,791
ocean, especially
127
00:01:46,791 --> 00:01:47,458
offshore where
128
00:01:47,458 --> 00:01:48,250
you can't really
129
00:01:48,250 --> 00:01:49,000
see the coastline
130
00:01:49,000 --> 00:01:49,666
from that area.
131
00:01:50,458 --> 00:01:50,958
Imagine having
132
00:01:50,958 --> 00:01:51,791
one patrol boat
133
00:01:51,791 --> 00:01:53,000
to patrol that
134
00:01:53,000 --> 00:01:53,875
huge area.
135
00:01:53,916 --> 00:01:54,666
Papahana Makua
136
00:01:54,666 --> 00:01:55,125
Kia, for
137
00:01:55,125 --> 00:01:56,208
instance, that is
138
00:01:56,208 --> 00:01:57,750
a huge area
139
00:01:57,750 --> 00:01:58,583
to patrol.
140
00:01:58,916 --> 00:01:59,375
If you only have
141
00:01:59,375 --> 00:02:00,041
one patrol boat,
142
00:02:00,041 --> 00:02:00,333
you're never
143
00:02:00,333 --> 00:02:01,166
gonna be able to
144
00:02:01,166 --> 00:02:02,166
enforce the law
145
00:02:02,458 --> 00:02:03,208
because if
146
00:02:03,208 --> 00:02:04,000
anybody wants to
147
00:02:04,000 --> 00:02:04,458
fish in there
148
00:02:04,458 --> 00:02:04,666
illegally,
149
00:02:04,916 --> 00:02:05,666
they can do so
150
00:02:05,666 --> 00:02:06,166
without
151
00:02:06,166 --> 00:02:06,791
being caught,
152
00:02:06,791 --> 00:02:07,375
unless it's by
153
00:02:07,375 --> 00:02:08,083
satellite, unless
154
00:02:08,083 --> 00:02:08,583
they have their
155
00:02:08,583 --> 00:02:09,833
AIS or their GPS
156
00:02:09,833 --> 00:02:10,375
turned on
157
00:02:10,375 --> 00:02:10,875
and they're known
158
00:02:10,875 --> 00:02:11,875
to be in
159
00:02:11,875 --> 00:02:12,500
that area.
160
00:02:13,208 --> 00:02:14,458
But without the
161
00:02:14,458 --> 00:02:14,958
patrol boats,
162
00:02:14,958 --> 00:02:15,500
you're really not
163
00:02:15,500 --> 00:02:15,833
gonna be
164
00:02:15,833 --> 00:02:16,625
able to see it
165
00:02:16,666 --> 00:02:17,958
and attempt to
166
00:02:17,958 --> 00:02:20,375
attack or capture
167
00:02:20,375 --> 00:02:21,583
these boats to
168
00:02:21,583 --> 00:02:22,583
prevent them from
169
00:02:22,583 --> 00:02:23,125
doing it.
170
00:02:23,666 --> 00:02:24,291
A protected
171
00:02:24,291 --> 00:02:25,750
boundary on a map
172
00:02:25,750 --> 00:02:26,375
does not
173
00:02:26,375 --> 00:02:26,833
automatically
174
00:02:26,833 --> 00:02:27,458
change
175
00:02:27,458 --> 00:02:28,416
behavior at sea.
176
00:02:28,875 --> 00:02:29,125
Just because
177
00:02:29,125 --> 00:02:29,458
there's a
178
00:02:29,458 --> 00:02:29,833
protection
179
00:02:29,833 --> 00:02:30,541
doesn't mean that
180
00:02:30,541 --> 00:02:30,958
people aren't
181
00:02:30,958 --> 00:02:31,291
gonna go
182
00:02:31,291 --> 00:02:32,125
in and fish.
183
00:02:32,750 --> 00:02:33,083
So there was a
184
00:02:33,083 --> 00:02:34,000
study by Gail et
185
00:02:34,000 --> 00:02:35,666
al in 2017
186
00:02:35,666 --> 00:02:36,541
in nature,
187
00:02:36,791 --> 00:02:37,208
and they found
188
00:02:37,208 --> 00:02:38,208
that most MPAs
189
00:02:38,208 --> 00:02:38,833
suffer from a
190
00:02:38,833 --> 00:02:39,666
major shortfalls
191
00:02:39,666 --> 00:02:41,125
in staffing and
192
00:02:41,125 --> 00:02:41,500
funding.
193
00:02:42,041 --> 00:02:43,291
On average, many
194
00:02:43,291 --> 00:02:45,000
MPAs operate with
195
00:02:45,000 --> 00:02:46,083
less than half
196
00:02:46,083 --> 00:02:46,666
the recommended
197
00:02:46,666 --> 00:02:47,583
staffing levels.
198
00:02:48,000 --> 00:02:48,416
Enforcement
199
00:02:48,416 --> 00:02:49,583
capacity explains
200
00:02:49,583 --> 00:02:50,791
more variance in
201
00:02:50,791 --> 00:02:51,291
ecological
202
00:02:51,291 --> 00:02:52,375
outcomes than the
203
00:02:52,375 --> 00:02:53,416
size alone.
204
00:02:54,250 --> 00:02:54,500
That's how
205
00:02:54,500 --> 00:02:55,000
important
206
00:02:55,000 --> 00:02:55,791
enforcement is.
207
00:02:56,291 --> 00:02:56,500
Protection
208
00:02:56,500 --> 00:02:57,416
without presence
209
00:02:57,416 --> 00:02:58,416
invites
210
00:02:58,416 --> 00:02:59,500
non-compliance.
211
00:03:00,333 --> 00:03:00,791
So here's what
212
00:03:00,791 --> 00:03:01,833
the data shows
213
00:03:01,833 --> 00:03:02,625
about the
214
00:03:02,625 --> 00:03:03,250
staffing.
215
00:03:03,708 --> 00:03:04,500
So in these key
216
00:03:04,500 --> 00:03:05,416
findings from
217
00:03:05,416 --> 00:03:06,541
Gail et al in
218
00:03:06,541 --> 00:03:07,541
2017 in nature,
219
00:03:08,041 --> 00:03:09,000
MPAs with
220
00:03:09,000 --> 00:03:10,500
adequate staff
221
00:03:10,500 --> 00:03:11,666
had significantly
222
00:03:11,666 --> 00:03:12,458
higher fish
223
00:03:12,458 --> 00:03:13,000
biomass.
224
00:03:13,708 --> 00:03:14,791
Sites with high
225
00:03:14,791 --> 00:03:15,833
staff capacity
226
00:03:15,833 --> 00:03:17,000
had biomass up to
227
00:03:17,000 --> 00:03:18,000
three times
228
00:03:18,000 --> 00:03:19,125
higher than the
229
00:03:19,125 --> 00:03:19,416
low
230
00:03:19,416 --> 00:03:20,458
capacity sites.
231
00:03:21,333 --> 00:03:21,750
Staffing and
232
00:03:21,750 --> 00:03:22,416
budget were
233
00:03:22,416 --> 00:03:22,916
stronger
234
00:03:22,916 --> 00:03:24,125
predictors of
235
00:03:24,125 --> 00:03:24,875
success than the
236
00:03:24,875 --> 00:03:26,083
actual area size.
237
00:03:26,416 --> 00:03:26,916
So imagine having
238
00:03:26,916 --> 00:03:27,500
just a small
239
00:03:27,500 --> 00:03:28,041
area, but you can
240
00:03:28,041 --> 00:03:28,791
patrol it better.
241
00:03:29,291 --> 00:03:29,958
The quality of
242
00:03:29,958 --> 00:03:30,375
that area is
243
00:03:30,375 --> 00:03:30,833
gonna be a lot
244
00:03:30,833 --> 00:03:31,333
better than the
245
00:03:31,333 --> 00:03:31,916
bigger area that
246
00:03:31,916 --> 00:03:32,541
you can't patrol
247
00:03:33,000 --> 00:03:33,333
because that
248
00:03:33,333 --> 00:03:33,833
means you are
249
00:03:33,833 --> 00:03:34,208
actually
250
00:03:34,208 --> 00:03:34,625
enforcing
251
00:03:34,625 --> 00:03:35,166
the area.
252
00:03:35,541 --> 00:03:36,000
You were saying
253
00:03:36,000 --> 00:03:36,875
to people, hey,
254
00:03:36,875 --> 00:03:37,083
we're
255
00:03:37,083 --> 00:03:37,958
gonna find you.
256
00:03:38,500 --> 00:03:39,083
Even if it's a
257
00:03:39,083 --> 00:03:39,708
small area, we're
258
00:03:39,708 --> 00:03:40,166
gonna protect
259
00:03:40,166 --> 00:03:40,791
this area because
260
00:03:40,791 --> 00:03:41,833
it's better than
261
00:03:41,833 --> 00:03:42,708
having just
262
00:03:42,708 --> 00:03:43,000
quantities,
263
00:03:43,208 --> 00:03:43,500
better than
264
00:03:43,500 --> 00:03:44,000
having just a
265
00:03:44,000 --> 00:03:44,666
bigger size.
266
00:03:45,166 --> 00:03:45,541
So instead of
267
00:03:45,541 --> 00:03:46,000
saying, hey, the
268
00:03:46,000 --> 00:03:46,791
bigger the MPA,
269
00:03:46,791 --> 00:03:47,375
the better we're
270
00:03:47,375 --> 00:03:48,083
gonna be able to
271
00:03:48,083 --> 00:03:48,916
have success.
272
00:03:49,375 --> 00:03:50,333
No, the smaller
273
00:03:50,333 --> 00:03:51,583
the, really it's
274
00:03:51,583 --> 00:03:51,708
the
275
00:03:51,708 --> 00:03:52,541
enforcement size.
276
00:03:52,541 --> 00:03:53,000
So the better the
277
00:03:53,000 --> 00:03:53,791
staffing and the
278
00:03:53,791 --> 00:03:54,416
funding for that
279
00:03:54,416 --> 00:03:55,333
staffing and the
280
00:03:55,333 --> 00:03:55,583
number of
281
00:03:55,583 --> 00:03:56,375
patrol boats,
282
00:03:56,583 --> 00:03:57,125
the better you're
283
00:03:57,125 --> 00:03:57,375
gonna have
284
00:03:57,375 --> 00:03:57,750
success.
285
00:03:58,250 --> 00:03:58,708
Doesn't matter
286
00:03:58,708 --> 00:03:59,333
the area.
287
00:04:00,125 --> 00:04:00,583
That's what it
288
00:04:00,583 --> 00:04:00,750
really
289
00:04:00,750 --> 00:04:02,041
comes out to.
290
00:04:02,500 --> 00:04:03,250
Size matters less
291
00:04:03,250 --> 00:04:03,958
than enforcement
292
00:04:03,958 --> 00:04:04,583
intensity.
293
00:04:04,583 --> 00:04:05,000
That's what it
294
00:04:05,000 --> 00:04:05,625
comes down to.
295
00:04:06,500 --> 00:04:07,375
So let's get into
296
00:04:07,375 --> 00:04:07,958
the funding
297
00:04:07,958 --> 00:04:08,916
mechanisms of
298
00:04:08,916 --> 00:04:09,375
everything.
299
00:04:10,000 --> 00:04:10,875
Stable line items
300
00:04:10,875 --> 00:04:11,416
and national
301
00:04:11,416 --> 00:04:11,791
budgets.
302
00:04:11,833 --> 00:04:12,250
So that's the
303
00:04:12,250 --> 00:04:13,125
line item that
304
00:04:13,125 --> 00:04:13,958
allots the
305
00:04:13,958 --> 00:04:14,833
number, the
306
00:04:14,833 --> 00:04:15,750
amount of money
307
00:04:15,750 --> 00:04:16,375
that goes towards
308
00:04:16,375 --> 00:04:18,416
these enforcement
309
00:04:18,416 --> 00:04:19,291
productions and
310
00:04:19,291 --> 00:04:19,708
staffing.
311
00:04:20,208 --> 00:04:21,625
Allow managers to
312
00:04:21,625 --> 00:04:23,083
plan long-term
313
00:04:23,083 --> 00:04:24,125
patrols and
314
00:04:24,125 --> 00:04:24,791
monitoring.
315
00:04:25,250 --> 00:04:26,000
So a strong
316
00:04:26,000 --> 00:04:27,250
examples of the
317
00:04:27,250 --> 00:04:28,000
Papahana Makua
318
00:04:28,000 --> 00:04:29,458
Kia monument or
319
00:04:29,458 --> 00:04:30,208
Marine National
320
00:04:30,208 --> 00:04:30,541
Monument
321
00:04:30,541 --> 00:04:31,458
in Hawaii.
322
00:04:31,666 --> 00:04:32,291
So it's managed
323
00:04:32,291 --> 00:04:33,833
by the National
324
00:04:33,833 --> 00:04:34,666
Oceanographic and
325
00:04:34,666 --> 00:04:35,666
Atmospheric
326
00:04:35,666 --> 00:04:36,291
Administration,
327
00:04:36,583 --> 00:04:37,583
NOAA, and the
328
00:04:37,583 --> 00:04:38,333
state of Hawaii.
329
00:04:38,333 --> 00:04:38,708
It receives
330
00:04:38,708 --> 00:04:39,541
federal funding
331
00:04:39,541 --> 00:04:40,500
that supports
332
00:04:40,500 --> 00:04:41,041
enforcement
333
00:04:41,041 --> 00:04:42,458
vessels, research
334
00:04:42,458 --> 00:04:43,708
expeditions, and
335
00:04:43,708 --> 00:04:44,291
operational
336
00:04:44,291 --> 00:04:44,958
continuity.
337
00:04:45,500 --> 00:04:46,416
So this monument
338
00:04:46,416 --> 00:04:47,000
is not just
339
00:04:47,000 --> 00:04:47,333
declared
340
00:04:47,333 --> 00:04:47,750
protected.
341
00:04:48,041 --> 00:04:48,875
It has officers,
342
00:04:49,416 --> 00:04:50,125
it has vessels,
343
00:04:50,458 --> 00:04:51,208
and it has the
344
00:04:51,208 --> 00:04:51,666
presence
345
00:04:51,666 --> 00:04:53,041
necessary to
346
00:04:53,041 --> 00:04:53,958
enforce the
347
00:04:53,958 --> 00:04:54,958
protections that
348
00:04:54,958 --> 00:04:55,500
are guaranteed
349
00:04:55,500 --> 00:04:56,750
within Papahana
350
00:04:56,750 --> 00:04:57,458
Makua Kia
351
00:04:57,458 --> 00:04:58,333
National, Marine
352
00:04:58,333 --> 00:04:58,708
National
353
00:04:58,708 --> 00:04:59,125
Monument.
354
00:04:59,500 --> 00:05:00,083
When governments
355
00:05:00,083 --> 00:05:01,041
actually commit
356
00:05:01,041 --> 00:05:01,791
real budget
357
00:05:01,791 --> 00:05:02,166
lines,
358
00:05:02,625 --> 00:05:03,000
enforcement
359
00:05:03,000 --> 00:05:04,375
actually happens.
360
00:05:05,583 --> 00:05:06,000
Now we look at
361
00:05:06,000 --> 00:05:06,875
tourism revenue
362
00:05:06,875 --> 00:05:07,750
and reinvestment
363
00:05:07,750 --> 00:05:08,375
for funding.
364
00:05:08,791 --> 00:05:09,708
Some MPAs fund
365
00:05:09,708 --> 00:05:10,208
themselves
366
00:05:10,208 --> 00:05:11,166
through visitors
367
00:05:11,166 --> 00:05:12,125
and like visitor
368
00:05:12,125 --> 00:05:12,833
fees and dive
369
00:05:12,833 --> 00:05:13,125
permits.
370
00:05:13,541 --> 00:05:14,166
I've gone diving
371
00:05:14,166 --> 00:05:14,541
in marine
372
00:05:14,541 --> 00:05:15,166
protected areas
373
00:05:15,166 --> 00:05:16,000
off of Costa San
374
00:05:16,000 --> 00:05:17,250
Martin, where you
375
00:05:17,250 --> 00:05:17,791
were actually
376
00:05:17,791 --> 00:05:18,458
allowed to dive,
377
00:05:18,708 --> 00:05:19,458
but you had to
378
00:05:19,458 --> 00:05:20,541
pay a
379
00:05:20,541 --> 00:05:21,000
certain amount.
380
00:05:21,000 --> 00:05:21,541
A little bit more
381
00:05:21,541 --> 00:05:21,916
than you would
382
00:05:21,916 --> 00:05:22,541
normally pay.
383
00:05:23,000 --> 00:05:23,791
And we were okay
384
00:05:23,791 --> 00:05:24,375
with that.
385
00:05:24,625 --> 00:05:25,041
At Bonaire
386
00:05:25,041 --> 00:05:25,791
National Marine
387
00:05:25,791 --> 00:05:26,708
Park, they even
388
00:05:26,708 --> 00:05:27,208
have divers
389
00:05:27,208 --> 00:05:28,125
purchase a Marine
390
00:05:28,125 --> 00:05:28,875
Park tag.
391
00:05:29,250 --> 00:05:29,833
That revenue
392
00:05:29,833 --> 00:05:30,750
directly supports
393
00:05:30,750 --> 00:05:31,500
reef monitoring,
394
00:05:31,791 --> 00:05:32,166
reef buoy
395
00:05:32,166 --> 00:05:33,333
maintenance, and enforcement.
396
00:05:33,333 --> 00:05:34,666
So healthy
397
00:05:34,666 --> 00:05:35,333
ecosystems
398
00:05:35,333 --> 00:05:36,250
attract visitors,
399
00:05:36,750 --> 00:05:37,375
visitor revenue
400
00:05:37,375 --> 00:05:38,291
funds protection,
401
00:05:38,708 --> 00:05:39,166
protection
402
00:05:39,166 --> 00:05:39,833
maintains
403
00:05:39,833 --> 00:05:40,666
ecosystem health.
404
00:05:41,458 --> 00:05:42,000
It is a
405
00:05:42,000 --> 00:05:42,791
reinforcing
406
00:05:42,791 --> 00:05:43,750
cycle.
407
00:05:44,250 --> 00:05:44,750
Now there's also
408
00:05:44,750 --> 00:05:45,916
NGO co-management
409
00:05:45,916 --> 00:05:46,791
systems for
410
00:05:46,791 --> 00:05:47,166
funding.
411
00:05:47,583 --> 00:05:47,958
So government
412
00:05:47,958 --> 00:05:48,708
agencies often
413
00:05:48,708 --> 00:05:49,625
lack sufficient
414
00:05:49,625 --> 00:05:50,791
technical or
415
00:05:50,791 --> 00:05:51,166
financial
416
00:05:51,166 --> 00:05:52,291
capacity alone.
417
00:05:52,750 --> 00:05:53,583
At Cabo Palmo
418
00:05:53,583 --> 00:05:54,500
National Park in
419
00:05:54,500 --> 00:05:55,583
Mexico, the local
420
00:05:55,583 --> 00:05:56,416
community worked
421
00:05:56,416 --> 00:05:57,708
with NGOs and
422
00:05:57,708 --> 00:05:58,000
federal
423
00:05:58,000 --> 00:05:59,041
authorities after
424
00:05:59,041 --> 00:06:00,000
fishing ended in
425
00:06:00,000 --> 00:06:00,333
the mid-1990s.
426
00:06:00,375 --> 00:06:02,041
Scientific
427
00:06:02,041 --> 00:06:02,583
monitoring
428
00:06:02,583 --> 00:06:03,166
supported
429
00:06:03,166 --> 00:06:03,625
adaptive
430
00:06:03,625 --> 00:06:04,166
management,
431
00:06:04,583 --> 00:06:04,708
community
432
00:06:04,708 --> 00:06:05,208
enforcement
433
00:06:05,208 --> 00:06:05,750
increased
434
00:06:05,750 --> 00:06:06,333
compliance.
435
00:06:06,708 --> 00:06:07,333
Within a decade,
436
00:06:07,541 --> 00:06:08,041
fish biomass
437
00:06:08,041 --> 00:06:08,833
increased by more
438
00:06:08,833 --> 00:06:09,791
than 400%.
439
00:06:11,166 --> 00:06:11,875
Community plus
440
00:06:11,875 --> 00:06:13,291
NGO involvement
441
00:06:13,291 --> 00:06:13,750
increases
442
00:06:13,750 --> 00:06:14,166
ecological
443
00:06:14,166 --> 00:06:15,041
results and
444
00:06:15,041 --> 00:06:15,541
political
445
00:06:15,541 --> 00:06:16,208
durability.
446
00:06:17,041 --> 00:06:17,666
Now long-term
447
00:06:17,666 --> 00:06:18,458
budget guarantees
448
00:06:18,458 --> 00:06:19,250
also help.
449
00:06:19,250 --> 00:06:19,750
So multi-year
450
00:06:19,750 --> 00:06:20,250
funding allows
451
00:06:20,250 --> 00:06:20,708
strategic
452
00:06:20,708 --> 00:06:21,791
planning instead
453
00:06:21,791 --> 00:06:22,291
of reactive
454
00:06:22,291 --> 00:06:22,750
crisis
455
00:06:22,750 --> 00:06:23,250
management.
456
00:06:23,791 --> 00:06:24,208
The Great Barrier
457
00:06:24,208 --> 00:06:25,125
Reef Marine Park
458
00:06:25,125 --> 00:06:25,875
is supported by
459
00:06:25,875 --> 00:06:26,166
federal
460
00:06:26,166 --> 00:06:27,083
allocations and
461
00:06:27,083 --> 00:06:27,333
reef trust investments,
462
00:06:27,375 --> 00:06:28,541
enabling
463
00:06:28,541 --> 00:06:29,541
continuous
464
00:06:29,541 --> 00:06:30,166
monitoring of
465
00:06:30,166 --> 00:06:30,791
coral cover,
466
00:06:31,208 --> 00:06:31,791
water quality,
467
00:06:31,791 --> 00:06:32,708
and fish biomass.
468
00:06:33,250 --> 00:06:34,125
Long-term funding
469
00:06:34,125 --> 00:06:35,250
creates long-term
470
00:06:35,250 --> 00:06:35,958
data sets.
471
00:06:36,333 --> 00:06:37,125
Long-term data
472
00:06:37,125 --> 00:06:37,833
sets creates
473
00:06:37,833 --> 00:06:38,583
accountability.
474
00:06:39,666 --> 00:06:40,125
Having that
475
00:06:40,125 --> 00:06:41,125
long-term funding
476
00:06:41,125 --> 00:06:42,000
is really going
477
00:06:42,000 --> 00:06:42,541
to help the
478
00:06:42,541 --> 00:06:43,416
long-term success
479
00:06:43,416 --> 00:06:44,500
of the Marine
480
00:06:44,500 --> 00:06:45,291
protected area.
481
00:06:45,875 --> 00:06:46,750
What happens when
482
00:06:46,750 --> 00:06:47,375
funding is
483
00:06:47,375 --> 00:06:47,833
unstable?
484
00:06:48,708 --> 00:06:49,125
So then you get
485
00:06:49,125 --> 00:06:49,500
patrol
486
00:06:49,500 --> 00:06:50,333
interruptions.
487
00:06:50,333 --> 00:06:51,083
In the last few years, in several
488
00:06:51,083 --> 00:06:51,708
West African
489
00:06:51,708 --> 00:06:52,625
coastal MPAs,
490
00:06:53,041 --> 00:06:53,625
patrol vessels
491
00:06:53,625 --> 00:06:54,500
lack the fuel
492
00:06:54,500 --> 00:06:54,875
budgets.
493
00:06:55,291 --> 00:06:56,083
It costs a lot of
494
00:06:56,083 --> 00:06:57,083
money to get
495
00:06:57,083 --> 00:06:57,666
boats on the
496
00:06:57,666 --> 00:06:58,375
water and be able
497
00:06:58,375 --> 00:06:58,666
to work
498
00:06:58,666 --> 00:06:59,166
all the time.
499
00:06:59,458 --> 00:07:00,208
When boats remain
500
00:07:00,208 --> 00:07:00,833
docked, illegal
501
00:07:00,833 --> 00:07:01,500
trawlers enter
502
00:07:01,500 --> 00:07:02,000
the protected
503
00:07:02,000 --> 00:07:03,333
areas, even short
504
00:07:03,333 --> 00:07:03,791
enforcement gaps
505
00:07:03,791 --> 00:07:04,458
can create
506
00:07:04,458 --> 00:07:05,125
opportunities for
507
00:07:05,125 --> 00:07:05,458
intrusion.
508
00:07:05,875 --> 00:07:07,083
These illegal
509
00:07:07,083 --> 00:07:07,750
fishers are not
510
00:07:07,750 --> 00:07:08,375
messing around.
511
00:07:08,916 --> 00:07:09,666
They will wait
512
00:07:09,666 --> 00:07:10,208
patiently
513
00:07:10,208 --> 00:07:11,083
out at sea.
514
00:07:11,083 --> 00:07:11,666
They have the
515
00:07:11,666 --> 00:07:12,666
money to be able
516
00:07:12,666 --> 00:07:13,000
to wait
517
00:07:13,000 --> 00:07:13,750
patiently at sea.
518
00:07:14,125 --> 00:07:14,583
Once those
519
00:07:14,583 --> 00:07:15,125
enforcement
520
00:07:15,125 --> 00:07:15,833
patrol boats go
521
00:07:15,833 --> 00:07:16,958
back in, they
522
00:07:16,958 --> 00:07:17,708
will come in and
523
00:07:17,708 --> 00:07:17,958
they will
524
00:07:17,958 --> 00:07:18,791
illegally fish as
525
00:07:18,791 --> 00:07:20,000
fast as they can.
526
00:07:20,875 --> 00:07:21,166
You also have
527
00:07:21,166 --> 00:07:22,125
monitoring gaps.
528
00:07:22,625 --> 00:07:22,791
You also have monitoring gaps.
529
00:07:22,791 --> 00:07:23,833
In parts of South
530
00:07:23,833 --> 00:07:24,375
Asia, if you
531
00:07:24,375 --> 00:07:24,750
don't have
532
00:07:24,750 --> 00:07:25,458
funded, donor
533
00:07:25,458 --> 00:07:26,125
funded monitoring
534
00:07:26,125 --> 00:07:27,375
programs collapse
535
00:07:27,375 --> 00:07:28,708
when grants end.
536
00:07:29,000 --> 00:07:29,791
Grants always
537
00:07:29,791 --> 00:07:30,375
have an end date
538
00:07:30,375 --> 00:07:30,958
to their funding.
539
00:07:31,541 --> 00:07:32,166
Although it's
540
00:07:32,166 --> 00:07:32,666
great, we've seen
541
00:07:32,666 --> 00:07:33,500
long-term data
542
00:07:33,500 --> 00:07:34,750
sets be really
543
00:07:34,750 --> 00:07:35,750
great, but you
544
00:07:35,750 --> 00:07:37,375
see data gaps in
545
00:07:37,375 --> 00:07:38,000
those long-term
546
00:07:38,000 --> 00:07:38,500
data sets.
547
00:07:38,750 --> 00:07:39,083
Because funding
548
00:07:39,083 --> 00:07:41,833
has run out or it
549
00:07:41,833 --> 00:07:43,166
came to the end
550
00:07:43,166 --> 00:07:44,333
of its period of funding.
551
00:07:44,333 --> 00:07:46,791
The people who
552
00:07:46,791 --> 00:07:47,166
are doing it are
553
00:07:47,166 --> 00:07:47,583
trying to get
554
00:07:47,583 --> 00:07:48,125
more funding.
555
00:07:48,125 --> 00:07:48,583
Sometimes you
556
00:07:48,583 --> 00:07:49,375
can't get the
557
00:07:49,375 --> 00:07:49,833
funding depending
558
00:07:49,833 --> 00:07:50,708
on how the
559
00:07:50,708 --> 00:07:51,333
economy is going
560
00:07:51,333 --> 00:07:51,958
and what the
561
00:07:51,958 --> 00:07:52,291
granting
562
00:07:52,291 --> 00:07:53,208
priorities are at
563
00:07:53,208 --> 00:07:54,166
that point from
564
00:07:54,166 --> 00:07:54,833
that foundation
565
00:07:54,833 --> 00:07:55,750
or many
566
00:07:55,750 --> 00:07:56,333
foundations.
567
00:07:57,000 --> 00:07:57,750
Data continuity
568
00:07:57,750 --> 00:08:00,500
breaks make it
569
00:08:00,500 --> 00:08:01,125
impossible to
570
00:08:01,125 --> 00:08:02,000
measure recovery.
571
00:08:02,375 --> 00:08:02,541
Without
572
00:08:02,541 --> 00:08:03,000
consistent
573
00:08:03,000 --> 00:08:03,541
monitoring,
574
00:08:03,916 --> 00:08:04,750
protection cannot
575
00:08:04,750 --> 00:08:05,833
be evaluated.
576
00:08:06,958 --> 00:08:08,041
You have loss of
577
00:08:08,041 --> 00:08:08,916
community trust
578
00:08:08,916 --> 00:08:09,500
when you don't
579
00:08:09,500 --> 00:08:10,166
have the proper
580
00:08:10,166 --> 00:08:10,333
funding.
581
00:08:10,375 --> 00:08:11,416
In some
582
00:08:11,416 --> 00:08:11,875
Mediterranean
583
00:08:11,875 --> 00:08:12,916
MPAs, uneven
584
00:08:12,916 --> 00:08:13,708
enforcement has
585
00:08:13,708 --> 00:08:14,791
undermined local
586
00:08:14,791 --> 00:08:15,333
confidence.
587
00:08:15,666 --> 00:08:15,875
Small-scale
588
00:08:15,875 --> 00:08:16,416
fishers have
589
00:08:16,416 --> 00:08:17,916
reported stricter
590
00:08:17,916 --> 00:08:18,416
enforcement
591
00:08:18,416 --> 00:08:19,833
against them than
592
00:08:19,833 --> 00:08:20,333
industrial
593
00:08:20,333 --> 00:08:21,458
fleets, which
594
00:08:21,458 --> 00:08:22,208
face weaker
595
00:08:22,208 --> 00:08:22,750
oversight.
596
00:08:23,416 --> 00:08:23,958
So when these
597
00:08:23,958 --> 00:08:25,125
rules appear
598
00:08:25,125 --> 00:08:26,041
inconsistently
599
00:08:26,041 --> 00:08:26,500
applied,
600
00:08:26,958 --> 00:08:27,333
voluntary
601
00:08:27,333 --> 00:08:28,083
compliance
602
00:08:28,083 --> 00:08:28,583
declines.
603
00:08:28,833 --> 00:08:30,458
So if you have a
604
00:08:30,458 --> 00:08:31,458
small-time
605
00:08:31,458 --> 00:08:31,625
fisher,
606
00:08:31,916 --> 00:08:32,166
small-scale
607
00:08:32,166 --> 00:08:33,041
fisher, who's
608
00:08:33,041 --> 00:08:33,791
just fishing for
609
00:08:33,791 --> 00:08:34,708
his local area
610
00:08:34,708 --> 00:08:35,333
and trying to
611
00:08:35,333 --> 00:08:35,916
make money for
612
00:08:35,916 --> 00:08:36,333
his family,
613
00:08:36,333 --> 00:08:37,291
if those are
614
00:08:37,291 --> 00:08:37,750
stricter because
615
00:08:37,750 --> 00:08:38,416
they're easier to
616
00:08:38,416 --> 00:08:39,708
enforce, then
617
00:08:39,708 --> 00:08:40,375
that's not going
618
00:08:40,375 --> 00:08:41,000
to really help
619
00:08:41,000 --> 00:08:42,125
while the bigger
620
00:08:42,125 --> 00:08:43,125
companies are
621
00:08:43,125 --> 00:08:43,541
coming and
622
00:08:43,541 --> 00:08:43,958
probably getting
623
00:08:43,958 --> 00:08:44,625
more fish
624
00:08:44,625 --> 00:08:45,708
affecting the
625
00:08:45,708 --> 00:08:47,625
capacity of the
626
00:08:47,625 --> 00:08:47,916
small-scale
627
00:08:47,916 --> 00:08:48,708
fishers to be
628
00:08:48,708 --> 00:08:49,291
able to get fish
629
00:08:49,291 --> 00:08:49,958
in the future.
630
00:08:50,333 --> 00:08:50,875
These industrial
631
00:08:50,875 --> 00:08:51,666
places, the
632
00:08:51,666 --> 00:08:52,250
companies are
633
00:08:52,250 --> 00:08:52,791
just coming in
634
00:08:52,791 --> 00:08:53,000
and doing
635
00:08:53,000 --> 00:08:53,625
whatever and they
636
00:08:53,625 --> 00:08:54,208
will not get
637
00:08:54,208 --> 00:08:54,708
prosecuted.
638
00:08:55,041 --> 00:08:55,375
Maybe because
639
00:08:55,375 --> 00:08:55,833
they have more
640
00:08:55,833 --> 00:08:56,333
money and the
641
00:08:56,333 --> 00:08:56,750
funding is not
642
00:08:56,750 --> 00:08:57,791
enough to pay for
643
00:08:57,791 --> 00:08:58,375
the court fees,
644
00:08:58,666 --> 00:08:59,333
who knows what that would happen.
645
00:09:00,333 --> 00:09:03,083
So trust is
646
00:09:03,083 --> 00:09:03,666
essential to
647
00:09:03,666 --> 00:09:04,875
enforcement. Once
648
00:09:04,875 --> 00:09:05,500
lost, it is
649
00:09:05,500 --> 00:09:06,291
difficult to
650
00:09:06,291 --> 00:09:06,625
rebuild.
651
00:09:07,291 --> 00:09:08,000
Now, if you want
652
00:09:08,000 --> 00:09:09,250
this type of real
653
00:09:09,250 --> 00:09:09,958
ocean protection
654
00:09:09,958 --> 00:09:11,250
stories backed by
655
00:09:11,250 --> 00:09:12,250
science, follow
656
00:09:12,250 --> 00:09:12,625
this show
657
00:09:12,625 --> 00:09:13,291
right now.
658
00:09:13,291 --> 00:09:13,791
Hit that follow
659
00:09:13,791 --> 00:09:14,541
button so you
660
00:09:14,541 --> 00:09:15,125
don't miss
661
00:09:15,125 --> 00:09:15,750
tomorrow's
662
00:09:15,750 --> 00:09:16,166
episode.
663
00:09:17,000 --> 00:09:17,750
So here is the
664
00:09:17,750 --> 00:09:19,041
final word on all
665
00:09:19,041 --> 00:09:19,416
of this.
666
00:09:19,916 --> 00:09:20,541
Enforcement is
667
00:09:20,541 --> 00:09:21,500
not optional when
668
00:09:21,500 --> 00:09:21,833
we're talking
669
00:09:21,833 --> 00:09:22,250
about marine
670
00:09:22,250 --> 00:09:22,916
protected areas.
671
00:09:23,250 --> 00:09:23,625
It is the
672
00:09:23,625 --> 00:09:24,291
mechanism that
673
00:09:24,291 --> 00:09:25,625
turns policy into
674
00:09:25,625 --> 00:09:26,041
ecological
675
00:09:26,041 --> 00:09:26,333
recovery.
676
00:09:26,375 --> 00:09:27,541
MPAs are
677
00:09:27,541 --> 00:09:28,375
necessity. They
678
00:09:28,375 --> 00:09:29,125
are crucial. They
679
00:09:29,125 --> 00:09:30,583
are critical to
680
00:09:30,583 --> 00:09:31,416
making sure that
681
00:09:31,416 --> 00:09:32,250
we are protecting
682
00:09:32,250 --> 00:09:34,208
the ocean, the
683
00:09:34,208 --> 00:09:35,625
most important
684
00:09:35,625 --> 00:09:36,333
parts of
685
00:09:36,333 --> 00:09:36,791
the ocean.
686
00:09:37,208 --> 00:09:37,666
Thirty percent of
687
00:09:37,666 --> 00:09:38,583
the ocean can be
688
00:09:38,583 --> 00:09:39,250
protected, but it
689
00:09:39,250 --> 00:09:39,958
has to be
690
00:09:39,958 --> 00:09:40,541
enforced.
691
00:09:41,458 --> 00:09:42,083
Fish do not
692
00:09:42,083 --> 00:09:43,541
recover because a
693
00:09:43,541 --> 00:09:44,458
law was passed.
694
00:09:44,458 --> 00:09:44,875
They recover
695
00:09:44,875 --> 00:09:45,375
because
696
00:09:45,375 --> 00:09:46,333
extraction stops.
697
00:09:46,375 --> 00:09:48,458
The science is
698
00:09:48,458 --> 00:09:49,208
consistent across
699
00:09:49,208 --> 00:09:49,916
ecosystems and
700
00:09:49,916 --> 00:09:51,000
continents. When
701
00:09:51,000 --> 00:09:51,500
enforcement is
702
00:09:51,500 --> 00:09:52,750
strong, biomass
703
00:09:52,750 --> 00:09:53,750
increases. When
704
00:09:53,750 --> 00:09:54,333
enforcement is
705
00:09:54,333 --> 00:09:55,375
weak, paper
706
00:09:55,375 --> 00:09:56,083
park fails.
707
00:09:56,791 --> 00:09:57,083
That's really
708
00:09:57,083 --> 00:09:57,500
what it comes
709
00:09:57,500 --> 00:09:58,000
down to.
710
00:09:58,375 --> 00:09:58,750
Governments can
711
00:09:58,750 --> 00:09:59,000
announce
712
00:09:59,000 --> 00:09:59,791
protections all
713
00:09:59,791 --> 00:10:00,375
day in a press
714
00:10:00,375 --> 00:10:01,375
conference, but
715
00:10:01,375 --> 00:10:01,750
ecosystems
716
00:10:01,750 --> 00:10:03,166
respond to only
717
00:10:03,166 --> 00:10:04,000
what happens on
718
00:10:04,000 --> 00:10:04,416
the water.
719
00:10:04,875 --> 00:10:05,500
Protection works
720
00:10:05,500 --> 00:10:06,541
when it's real.
721
00:10:07,416 --> 00:10:07,916
That's really the
722
00:10:07,916 --> 00:10:08,333
lesson today.
723
00:10:08,375 --> 00:10:10,208
Enforcement is
724
00:10:10,208 --> 00:10:10,708
absolutely
725
00:10:10,708 --> 00:10:12,000
critical on the
726
00:10:12,000 --> 00:10:13,000
water in marine
727
00:10:13,000 --> 00:10:13,708
protected areas.
728
00:10:14,166 --> 00:10:14,583
It is very
729
00:10:14,583 --> 00:10:15,500
difficult to get
730
00:10:15,500 --> 00:10:16,833
protection across
731
00:10:16,833 --> 00:10:18,500
different marine
732
00:10:18,500 --> 00:10:19,166
protected areas
733
00:10:19,166 --> 00:10:20,000
or outside of
734
00:10:20,000 --> 00:10:20,416
marine protected
735
00:10:20,416 --> 00:10:21,250
areas, but those
736
00:10:21,250 --> 00:10:21,958
boundaries that
737
00:10:21,958 --> 00:10:22,875
are designated by
738
00:10:22,875 --> 00:10:23,875
law should be
739
00:10:23,875 --> 00:10:25,083
enforced by law.
740
00:10:25,458 --> 00:10:25,791
That's really
741
00:10:25,791 --> 00:10:26,333
what it comes
742
00:10:26,333 --> 00:10:26,916
down to when
743
00:10:26,916 --> 00:10:27,333
we're talking
744
00:10:27,333 --> 00:10:28,125
about protection
745
00:10:28,125 --> 00:10:28,958
of marine
746
00:10:28,958 --> 00:10:29,750
protected areas.
747
00:10:30,416 --> 00:10:30,708
That's the
748
00:10:30,708 --> 00:10:31,125
episode for
749
00:10:31,125 --> 00:10:31,791
today. I would
750
00:10:31,791 --> 00:10:32,958
love to hear what
751
00:10:32,958 --> 00:10:33,750
you think. Go to
752
00:10:33,750 --> 00:10:34,875
speakupforblue.com
753
00:10:34,875 --> 00:10:35,333
forward slash feedback.
754
00:10:35,333 --> 00:10:36,541
You can either
755
00:10:36,541 --> 00:10:37,500
leave a voicemail
756
00:10:37,500 --> 00:10:38,500
or you can type
757
00:10:38,500 --> 00:10:38,958
out your answer.
758
00:10:39,250 --> 00:10:40,250
I want to hear
759
00:10:40,250 --> 00:10:41,083
from you. This is
760
00:10:41,083 --> 00:10:41,375
just the
761
00:10:41,375 --> 00:10:41,916
beginning of a
762
00:10:41,916 --> 00:10:42,583
conversation that
763
00:10:42,583 --> 00:10:43,166
I want to have
764
00:10:43,166 --> 00:10:44,458
with many of you.
765
00:10:44,458 --> 00:10:44,875
With you
766
00:10:44,875 --> 00:10:46,208
listening in this
767
00:10:46,208 --> 00:10:46,875
audience being
768
00:10:46,875 --> 00:10:47,708
like, "Hey, I
769
00:10:47,708 --> 00:10:47,958
have some
770
00:10:47,958 --> 00:10:48,541
questions about
771
00:10:48,541 --> 00:10:49,125
this. Let me know
772
00:10:49,125 --> 00:10:49,750
your questions.
773
00:10:49,750 --> 00:10:50,083
Maybe they'll
774
00:10:50,083 --> 00:10:50,708
spark another
775
00:10:50,708 --> 00:10:51,166
episode."
776
00:10:51,500 --> 00:10:52,458
I would love to
777
00:10:52,458 --> 00:10:53,250
hear from you. Go
778
00:10:53,250 --> 00:10:53,375
to
779
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speakupforblue.com
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forward slash feedback.
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And of course, if
782
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you want more of
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00:10:57,583 --> 00:10:58,333
this type of
784
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content, you want
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to hear more
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about enforcement
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and monitoring
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and all that kind
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of stuff this
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week, you can hit
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that follow
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button so you
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don't miss
794
00:11:05,416 --> 00:11:05,916
tomorrow's
795
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episode.
796
00:11:06,416 --> 00:11:06,833
I want to thank
797
00:11:06,833 --> 00:11:07,500
you so much for
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00:11:07,500 --> 00:11:08,041
joining me on
799
00:11:08,041 --> 00:11:08,583
today's episode
800
00:11:08,583 --> 00:11:09,166
of the How to
801
00:11:09,166 --> 00:11:09,625
Protect the Ocean
802
00:11:09,625 --> 00:11:10,708
podcast. I'm your
803
00:11:10,708 --> 00:11:11,208
host, Andrew
804
00:11:11,208 --> 00:11:11,666
Lewin. Have a
805
00:11:11,666 --> 00:11:12,125
great day. We'll
806
00:11:12,125 --> 00:11:12,541
talk to you next
807
00:11:12,541 --> 00:11:13,500
time and happy
808
00:11:13,500 --> 00:11:13,833
conservation.
