Is Bottom Trawling Always Bad? It Depends Where

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off the south coast of England,
about 100 kilometers out, there's

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a granite reef called Hog Frost
covered in jewel anemones and corals.

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And on paper it had been protected
for years, but heavy fishing

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gear could still drag across it.

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So is it really protected?

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In March 2024, that finally changed.

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And here's why where we fish matters
as much as how much we fish of it.

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We're gonna talk about that
on today's episode of the How

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to Protect the Ocean podcast.

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I'm your host, Andrew Lewin.

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I am a marine biologist and science
communicator here to tell you all about

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the ocean, covering ocean news, ocean
science, ocean conservation, the whole

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gambit, so that you can understand the
ocean better and maybe lessen some of

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that ocean anxiety or climate anxiety
you might be having, or questions around

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the ocean that you might be having.

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I'm here to help answer any of those.

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So if you have any questions,
feel free to get in touch with me.

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If you're listening to this on
Spotify, there's a comment section,

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I'd love to hear your thoughts.

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If you're listening to this on YouTube,
which I'll be posting, uh, this on, you

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can hit me up in the comments below.

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And if you are listening to this on
your favorite podcast app, 'cause

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this is an audio-only podcast for most
part, you can hit me up on my socials.

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The links are in the show notes.

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Now, we've been covering how many fish
we take and, what else ends up in the

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net over the last couple of episodes.

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And on Monday, I talked to Dr. David
Shiffman, who wrote Why Sustainable

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Seafood Matters, and you can pre-order
that right now if you really wanna get

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into sustainable seafood conversation.

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Today's all about where we fish and what
we do to the sea floor while we're at it.

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it's gonna be an interesting show today,
because there's a lot of, like, recent

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documentaries, ocean documentaries, that
you've seen the footage, like a heavy

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net drags along the bottom, a cloud of
sediment, and a scar on the sea floor,

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on the, documentary last year,
Ocean, narrated by Sir David

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Attenborough, was a very enlightening,
documentary for a lot of people.

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I took my daughter there,
who's in wildlife biology.

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It was emotional.

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You saw this beautiful
reef, and it was wonderful.

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And you saw, like, all these anemones,
and it was very productive on the bottom,

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it was so, like teeming with life,
invertebrates, fish, all this kinda thing.

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They mounted cameras on a trawl,
and the trawl went right through it.

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And it was a protected area and
everything like that, and it's just

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like, wow, it just destroyed everything.

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You can hear the sniffles, and you
see people crying, including my

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daughter, and even made me emotional
to see all that productive habitat

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be gone Now, the message that
the movie created it was simple.

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It was like, ban it.

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Ban it everywhere, but it leaves you
to wondering, like, whether every piece

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of cod or shrimp you've ever eaten
came from those bulldozed sea floor.

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Today I want to give you that clear
picture, one that takes the harm

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seriously, that, of trawls, we know that
it, but still leaves room for solutions

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that can actually be passed into law,
To look at how we can better protect

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things in, like the items and the life
in marine protected areas, as well as

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worldwide, and making sure that we are
only trawling in places that it won't

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harm anybody, if we are trawling at all.

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Now, I did my master's on marine
protected area design, this is the episode

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where, like, I get to geek out a little
bit, and I'm looking forward to that.

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So I want you to just go through,
like, what a trawl net is, so a

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trawl is a net, like, essentially
pulled through the water, and

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there are two very different kinds.

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There's a midwater trawl, which moves
through open water and never touches the

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bottom, and then there's bottom trawls
dragging along the sea floor, over

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sponges, corals, seagrasses or reefs.

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And they can do enormous damage to that
habitat because once they go through and

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ruin that habitat, that, line, however
wide that net is, will just scrape

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all that stuff off for the most part,

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it leaves these visible scars.

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it's basically clearing a forest,
like, to catch rabbits essentially,

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that's what it's kind of analogous to.

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That's the harm in the documentaries
and in those places that it's real,

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Like, I wanna just kinda give
context that usually gets left out.

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Bottom trawling provides about a quarter
of the world's wild-caught seafood, about

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19 million tons a year, and much of it
comes from sand and muddy bottoms that

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recovery happens relatively quickly.

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And in 2018, a large study mapped
bottom trawling in fine detail

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across many regions around the world,
and in the regions studied, about

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14% of the sea floor was trawled.

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It ranged from less than half a
percent off southern Chile to 80% of

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parts of the Adriatic Sea Now, two
findings stand out from this study.

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Trawling happens in the same places
year after year, and the regions

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were less than about 10% of the
sea floor that was trawled almost

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always had sustainably fished stocks.

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So the more useful question is where,
how much, and what's living there?

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'Cause that's an important
aspect, and that's why some

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bottom trawl fisheries hold Marine
Stewardship Council certification

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and good seafood guide ratings.

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And it depends on the place and the rules.

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And this is a lot of where people have
a problem, especially with the Marine

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Stewardship Council certification, because
they're like, "Well, how can they say

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that trawling is okay? That they shouldn't
be saying this." But I guess it really

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depends on where it's being trawled,
and studies have shown that sometimes

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these areas are not, like, terrible.

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In 2018, a team from Dalhousie
University and Germany's GEOMAR looked

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at 727 marine protected areas across
the European Union, and these were

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places governments had officially
designated to protect ocean life.

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So the idea around these marine protected
areas, Like, it's really two things.

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you're trying to protect biodiversity,
so you're trying to protect all the

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animals and the habitats in there.

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But you might also be,
protecting fisheries.

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So you have a specific commercial
fishery or a number of commercial

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fisheries where this is an
important habitat for those fish.

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And those fish can show in the number and
the size, and then the idea is it'll have

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a spillover effect over the boundaries.

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So if nobody fishes within those
boundaries, those fish will actually

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grow bigger and more of them, and
they're gonna spill over because they

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have to compete for food and habitat,
and they gotta look for some of those.

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And the fishermen will
be able to fish there.

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They found in this study where they
looked at marine protected areas

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and what was happening in them, they
found that commercial trawling it was

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happening in at least 59% of them.

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And on average, trawling was 38% more
intense inside the protected areas

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than in the nearby unprotected water.

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In the most heavily trawled areas,
sensitive species like sharks,

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skates, and rays had declined by 69%.

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And one of those authors, Boris Worm,
put it this way: "- when industrial

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use is elevated rather than reduced in
protected areas, we are not getting the

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conservation outcomes that we need."

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We call these paper parks, when you're
not really protecting what's there.

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You're allowing some kind of extractive
activity to happen, whether it's fisheries

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or oil and gas or whatever that might be.

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And it just becomes a line on the map,
a boundary, an invisible boundary that

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nobody's really paying attention to with
the same activity going on inside it,

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which is what you were supposed to stop.

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And it isn't only Europe
that it was happening.

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Around the world, MPAs get
announced with great fanfare,

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and then left without any type of
rules or enforcement or funding.

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We've talked about that on
numerous times on this podcast.

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Some are even, like, drawn in places
where the species like, they were

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meant to save doesn't even live.

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And so MPA is important, but it's also
important to have the data, to have the

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management, to have the enforcement.

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And when an MPA is done well,
the results are remarkable.

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A global review found fish biomass
about 570% higher in no-take marine

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reserves than in unprotected areas, I
should say that figure was corrected in

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2025 from an earlier higher number, so
science is already correcting itself,

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and that's a good thing, to be honest.

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Now, a study in 87 MPAs worldwide
found five features that make the

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difference: no fishing allowed, strong
enforcement, more than 10 years old,

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larger than 100 square kilometers,
and isolated by deep water or sand.

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MPAs with four or five of those
filters had five times more

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large fish and 14 times more
shark biomass than fished areas.

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Let's go back to the 59% of
the MPA studies had only one

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or two of these features.

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And to be honest about the limits, an MPA
can't stop warming water, acidification,

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or an oil spill drifting in from
the outside, or plastic pollution.

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It's a powerful tool for biodiversity
and fisheries with a specific job, but it

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can only do that if it's properly managed
and everything else around it is good.

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It kinda leaves it for the, ecosystem
to just kind of recover on its own.

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Now, England has dozens of marine
protected areas in its offshore waters.

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So for years, many of them allowed
bottom-towed fishing, gear to be

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dragged across the very habitats
they were created to protect.

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And in June 2022, the Marine Management
Organization, the agency that regulates

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English seas, brought in its first
bylaws banning bottom-towed gear

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in four offshore sites, including
Dogger Bank, a huge sandbank in the

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North Sea, and the canyons, deep
underwater valleys of the southwest.

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In January 2023, it proposed going
further and opened a public consultation.

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Anyone can comment, fishers, scientists,
conservation groups, ordinary citizens.

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And on March 22nd, 2024,
the bylaw took effect.

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Bottom-towed gear were banned over
sensitive reef habitats in 13 more

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marine protected areas, covering
about 4,000 square kilometers.

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Places like Haig Frass, a granite reef
with jewel anemones and cup corals, Cape

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Bank and its sea urchins and cushion
starfish, Goodwin Sands with the sea fans

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it was very important to protect these.

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So together, those bylaws protect
almost 18,000 square kilometers of

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English seabed from bottom-towed gear.

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The agency reported high compliance with
the rules in the first sites, and so

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with very few infringements detected.

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that's a really good thing
'cause the enforcement's there.

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And that is what matching the
rules to the habitat looks like.

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Trawling carried over sand and
mud elsewhere, like, that's fine.

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It stays off the reefs that can't take it,
and it allows for, like, mud habitats and

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sand habitats to recover because there's
no overarching habitat, like a sponge

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reef or, like, very sensitive reefs with
anemones and all these kind of things

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that will take a long time to recover.

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What's nice about this, it also
happened through a public process.

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People showed up, they commented, and
that matters for today's call to action,

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and we're gonna talk about that in just
a sec. Now I just wanted a quick turn

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to talk about aquaculture because the
same principle applies in aquaculture.

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In 2022, the first time ever, farms
produced more of the world's aquatic

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animals than the wild fisheries
did, 51%, about 94 million tons.

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And if you eat shrimp or salmon, you've
almost certainly eaten farmed seafood.

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I think in Canada or here in
Ontario, most of our salmon, unless

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you catch it yourself, is farmed.

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It is very expensive to try and get
wild caught, and it happens every once

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in a while, but most of it's farming.

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Fish farming gets painted as all good
or all bad, and like trawling, it

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depends on how or where it's done.

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What fish are fed, how waste
and disease are handled, whether

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farms escape into the wild.

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Now, there are some ways that,
aquaculture's not being done to the

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best of its ability, and there are a lot
of people who are very emotional about

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how it's being, rolled out, how it's
being enforced, all that kind of stuff.

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And so I get, some of the, consequences
to that and how people look at that.

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But the quick way to tell is, you
wanna look for Aquaculture Stewardship

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Council, the ASC, that kind of label,
just like the Marine Stewardship Council.

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Best aquaculture practices, BAP,
is less strict and still a lot

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better than nothing, though, seafood
guides rate farm products, too.

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So the Seafood Watch, your
Marine Stewardship Council,

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OceanWise, app, those all work.

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Now, one rule of thumb that works for
farmed and wild seafood is doing it

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right costs more, producers who do it
right tell you about it loudly, like,

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because it lets them charge more.

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And if the package is vague
about where and how something was

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produced, that's usually a sign.

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It's usually, like, right then and
there because it's a higher price,

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so they wanna make sure that you
know exactly where it comes from.

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Here's where I want you to take from this
episode, The next time your government

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proposes a protected area or reviews
the rules of an existing one, submit

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that comment during public consultation.

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It doesn't matter if you're a
fisher or you live near the ocean,

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or you know anything about marine
science or marine conservation.

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You don't have to be a marine
biologist to have this public comment.

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It's for everybody.

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It's for public.

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Whether you live in the country or
even outside the country in a lot

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of places, you can have your say.

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If you care about the ocean, you care
about how things are done, and you

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want things done right, 'cause when
they're done right, they work, well,

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let's get them done right, keep it
simple when you do your public support.

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Say you support the protected area
and ask that the rules keep bottom

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trawling and other destructive gear
out of any kind of sensitive habitats.

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Most countries post these consultations
on their fisheries and environment

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agency website, so sign up for those
alerts from those websites or follow a

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local ocean group like Oceana Canada,
if you're in Canada, or any, Oceana

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wherever you live, they'll track them,
and they'll kinda help you with that.

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Now, the difference between like a
paper park and a real one is essentially

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how the rules are enforced and the
rules that are within it, right?

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Rules get written in consultations, and
then consultations count the comments.

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So it's an important thing to know that
when you go to this public comments, that,

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that's a significant part of this process.

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Now, that's the end of our episode, We've
been covering all the harms and the fixes

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to make sure our seafood's sustainable.

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So, next time if it's you at
the seafood counter, we're

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gonna talk about that tomorrow.

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Labels, the apps, and how those choices
actually change what's in the ocean.

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We're gonna talk about that tomorrow
'cause it's really, really important.

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But kind of thing I wanna leave you
with here is, like, I want you to

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understand, like, the Hag Frass, like
this sensitive marine protected area.

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Hundred kilometers off Cornwall,
pink sea fans sway in the current,

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and a jewel anemone opens.

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No chain has come across
this reef since 2024.

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It's developed, it's established, and
it brings habitat for so many other

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fish species that allows fisheries
to continue and be sustainable.

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It's such an important
part of conservation.

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You protect the right places,
write the right rules, and

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the sea floor will grow back.

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Place by place, the ocean
and the dinner table can win.

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They can both win.

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That's an important aspect
to remember for this episode.

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If you are listening to this on an
app or a platform where it allows

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comments, please reach out to me.

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I'd love to hear what you think of the
episode or if you have any questions.

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And of course, if you are listening to
this on your favorite podcast app audio

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only, I would love to hear from you.

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My socials are in the show notes.

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Hit me up.

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Thank you so much for listening.

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I'm your host, Andrew Lewin.

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This has been another episode of the
How to Protect the Ocean podcast.

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Have a great day.

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We'll talk to you tomorrow,
and happy conservation.